SECOND STATE OF THE CARBON CYCLE REPORT

CREDITS

• Nancy Cavallaro*, Co-chair, Carbon Cycle Interagency Working Group; SOCCR2 Administrative Agency Lead
  USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Zhiliang Zhu*, Co-Chair, Carbon Cycle Interagency Working Group
  U.S. Geological Survey
• Gyami Shrestha*, Ex officio as Lead SOCCR2 Development Advisor and Manager
  U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program Office Director; Carbon Cycle Interagency Working Group; UCAR Cooperative Programs for the Advancement of Earth System Science
• Daniel Stover*
  DOE Office of Science
• Marlen Eve*
  USDA Agricultural Research Service
• Noel P. Gurwick*
  U.S. Agency for International Development
• Kathy Hibbard*
  NASA Earth Science Division
• Erica H. Ombres*
  NOAA Ocean Acidification Program
• Tom Wirth*
  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
• James H. Butler**
  NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory
• Elisabeth Larson**
  North American Carbon Program; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Science Systems and Applications Inc.
• Laura Lorenzoni**
  NASA Earth Science Division
• Anne Marsh**
  USDA Forest Service
• Kathy Tedesco**
  NOAA Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division; UCAR Cooperative Programs for the Advancement of Earth System Science
• Paula Bontempi
  NASA Earth Science Division
• John Schade*
  National Science Foundation
• Chris Clark
  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
• Dwight Gledhill
  NOAA Ocean Acidification Program
• Brad Reed
  U.S. Geological Survey
• Libby Jewett
  NOAA Ocean Acidification Program
• Randi Johnson
  USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Monika Kopacz
  NOAA Atmospheric Chemistry, Carbon Cycle and Climate; UCAR Cooperative Programs for the Advancement of Earth System Science
• Hank Margolis
  NASA Earth Science Division
• Kenneth Mooney
  NOAA Atmospheric Chemistry, Carbon Cycle and Climate
• Toral Patel-Weynand
  USDA Forest Service
• Luis Tupas
  USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• James Whetstone
  National Institute of Standards and Technology

• Virginia Burkett
  Acting Chair, U.S. Department of the Interior
• Gerald Geernaert
  Vice Chair, U.S. Department of Energy
• Michael Kuperberg
  Executive Director, U.S. Global Change Research Program
• John Balbus
  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
• Pierre Comizzoli
  Smithsonian Institution
• Noel P. Gurwick
  U.S. Agency for International Development
• Wayne Higgins
  U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA
• Scott Harper
  U.S. Department of Defense (Acting)
• William Hohenstein
  U.S. Department of Agriculture
• Jack Kaye
  National Aeronautics and Space Administration
• Dorothy Koch
  U.S. Department of Energy
• Andrew Miller
  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
• James Reilly
  U.S. Department of the Interior
• Gerald Solomon
  U.S. Department of Transportation (Acting)
• Trigg Talley
  U.S. Department of State
• Maria Uhle
  National Science Foundation

• Chloe Kontos
  Executive Director, National Science and Technology Council
• Kimberly Miller
  Office of Management and Budget

Highlights

Lead Authors

• Gyami Shrestha, U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
• Nancy Cavallaro, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Laura Lorenzoni, NASA Earth Science Division
• Abigail Seadler, NASA Earth Science Division
• Zhiliang Zhu, U.S. Geological Survey
• Noel P. Gurwick, U.S. Agency for International Development
• Elisabeth Larson, North American Carbon Program and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Science Systems and Applications Inc.
• Richard Birdsey, Woods Hole Research Center
• Melanie A. Mayes, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
• Raymond G. Najjar, The Pennsylvania State University
• Sasha C. Reed, U.S. Geological Survey
• Paty Romero-Lankao, National Center for Atmospheric Research (currently at National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

Preface

Lead Authors

• Gyami Shrestha, U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
• Nancy Cavallaro, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Richard Birdsey, Woods Hole Research Center
• Melanie A. Mayes, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
• Raymond G. Najjar, The Pennsylvania State University
• Sasha C. Reed, U.S. Geological Survey
• Paty Romero-Lankao, National Center for Atmospheric Research (currently at National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
• Noel P. Gurwick, U.S. Agency for International Development
• Peter J. Marcotullio, Hunter College, City University of New York
• John Field, Colorado State University

Review Editor

• Rachel Melnick, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture

Chapter 1: Overview of the Global Carbon Cycle

Lead Authors

• Lori Bruhwiler, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory
• Anna M. Michalak, Carnegie Institution for Science and Stanford University

Contributing Authors

• Richard Birdsey, Woods Hole Research Center
• Joshua B. Fisher, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory and California Institute of Technology
• Richard A. Houghton, Woods Hole Research Center
• Deborah N. Huntzinger, Northern Arizona University
• John B. Miller, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory

Science Lead

• Richard Birdsey, Woods Hole Research Center

Review Editor

• Gil Bohrer, Ohio State University

Federal Liaison

• James H. Butler, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory

Chapter 2: The North American Carbon Budget

Lead Authors

• Daniel J. Hayes, University of Maine
• Rodrigo Vargas, University of Delaware

Contributing Authors

• Simone R. Alin, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
• Richard T. Conant, Colorado State University
• Lucy R. Hutyra, Boston University
• Andrew R. Jacobson, University of Colorado, Boulder, and NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory
• Werner A. Kurz, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service
• Shuguang Liu, Central South University of Forestry and Technology
• A. David McGuire, U.S. Geological Survey and University of Alaska, Fairbanks
• Benjamin Poulter, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
• Christopher W. Woodall, USDA Forest Service

Science Lead

• Melanie A. Mayes, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Review Editor

• Tara Hudiburg, University of Idaho

Federal Liaison

• Noel P. Gurwick, U.S. Agency for International Development

Chapter 3: Energy Systems

Lead Author

• Peter J. Marcotullio, Hunter College, City University of New York

Contributing Authors

• Lori Bruhwiler, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory
• Steven Davis, University of California, Irvine
• Jill Engel-Cox, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
• John Field, Colorado State University
• Conor Gately, Boston University
• Kevin Robert Gurney, Northern Arizona University
• Daniel M. Kammen, University of California, Berkeley
• Emily McGlynn, University of California, Davis
• James McMahon, Better Climate Research and Policy Analysis
• William R. Morrow, III, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
• Ilissa B. Ocko, Environmental Defense Fund
• Ralph Torrie, Canadian Energy Systems Analysis and Research Initiative

Expert Reviewer

• Sam Baldwin, DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

Science Lead

• Paty Romero-Lankao, National Center for Atmospheric Research (currently at National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

Review Editor

• Emily J. Pindilli, U.S. Geological Survey

Federal Liaison

• Nancy Cavallaro, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture

Chapter 4: Understanding Urban Carbon Fluxes

Lead Authors

• Kevin Robert Gurney, Northern Arizona University
• Paty Romero-Lankao, National Center for Atmospheric Research (currently at National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
• Stephanie Pincetl, University of California, Los Angeles

Contributing Authors

• Michele Betsill, Colorado State University
• Mikhail Chester, Arizona State University
• Felix Creutzig, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change
• Kenneth Davis, The Pennsylvania State University
• Riley Duren, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
• Guido Franco, California Climate Change Research Center
• Sara Hughes, University of Toronto
• Lucy R. Hutyra, Boston University
• Chris Kennedy, University of Victoria
• Rob Krueger, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
• Peter J. Marcotullio, Hunter College, City University of New York
• Diane Pataki, University of Utah
• David Sailor, Arizona State University
• Karina V. R. Schäfer, Rutgers University

Science Lead

• Paty Romero-Lankao, National Center for Atmospheric Research (currently at National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

Review Editor

• Nathaniel A. Brunsell, University of Kansas

Federal Liaisons

• Elisabeth Larson, North American Carbon Program and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Science Systems and Applications, Inc.
• Karina V. R. Schäfer (former), National Science Foundation

Chapter 5: Agriculture

Lead Authors

• Alexander N. Hristov, The Pennsylvania State University
• Jane M. E. Johnson, USDA Agricultural Research Service

Contributing Authors

• Charles W. Rice, Kansas State University
• Molly E. Brown, University of Maryland
• Richard T. Conant, Colorado State University
• Stephen J. Del Grosso, USDA Agricultural Research Service
• Noel P. Gurwick, U.S. Agency for International Development
• C. Alan Rotz, USDA Agricultural Research Service
• Upendra M. Sainju, USDA Agricultural Research Service
• R. Howard Skinner, USDA Agricultural Research Service
• Tristram O. West, DOE Office of Science
• Benjamin R. K. Runkle, University of Arkansas
• Henry Janzen, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
• Sasha C. Reed, U.S. Geological Survey
• Nancy Cavallaro, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Gyami Shrestha, U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research

Science Lead

• Sasha C. Reed, U.S. Geological Survey

Review Editor

• Rachel Melnick, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture

Federal Liaisons

• Nancy Cavallaro, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Carolyn Olson (former), USDA Office of the Chief Economist

Chapter 6: Social Science Perspectives on Carbon

Lead Author

• Elizabeth L. Malone, Independent Researcher

Contributing Authors

• Michele Betsill, Colorado State University
• Sara Hughes, University of Toronto
• Rene Kemp, Maastricht University
• Loren Lutzenhiser, Portland State University
• Mithra Moezzi, Portland State University
• Benjamin L. Preston, RAND Corporation
• Tristram O. West, DOE Office of Science

Expert Reviewers

• John Robinson, University of Toronto
• Sarah Burch, Waterloo University
• Hal Wilhite, University of Oslo
• Nicole Woolsey Biggart, University of California, Davis
• Benjamin Sovacool, University of Sussex and Aarhaus University

Science Lead

• Paty Romero-Lankao, National Center for Atmospheric Research (currently at National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

Review Editor

• Christine Negra, Versant Vision

Federal Liaison

• Elisabeth Larson, North American Carbon Program; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Science Systems and Applications Inc.

Chapter 7: Tribal Lands

Lead Author

• Maureen I. McCarthy, University of Nevada, Reno, and Desert Research Institute

Contributing Authors

• Beverly Ramsey, Desert Research Institute and Wa-Hi-La, LLC
• John Phillips, First Americans Land-Grant Consortium
• Margaret H. Redsteer, University of Washington

Science Lead

• Sasha C. Reed, U.S. Geological Survey

Review Editor

• Rachel Melnick, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture

Federal Liaisons

• Nancy Cavallaro, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Gyami Shrestha, U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research

Chapter 8: Observations of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Methane

Lead Authors

• Andrew R. Jacobson, University of Colorado, Boulder, and NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory
• John B. Miller, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory

Contributing Authors

• Ashley Ballantyne, University of Montana
• Sourish Basu, University of Colorado, Boulder, and NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory
• Lori Bruhwiler, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory
• Abhishek Chatterjee, Universities Space Research Association and NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office
• Scott Denning, Colorado State University
• Lesley Ott, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

Science Lead

• Richard Birdsey, Woods Hole Research Center

Review Editor

• Nathaniel A. Brunsell, University of Kansas

Federal Liaison

• James H. Butler, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory

Chapter 9: Forests

Lead Authors

• Grant Domke, USDA Forest Service
• Christopher A. Williams, Clark University

Contributing Authors

• Richard Birdsey, Woods Hole Research Center
• John Coulston, USDA Forest Service
• Adrien Finzi, Boston University
• Christopher Gough, Virginia Commonwealth University
• Bob Haight, USDA Forest Service
• Jeff Hicke, University of Idaho
• Maria Janowiak, USDA Forest Service
• Ben de Jong, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur
• Werner A. Kurz, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service
• Melissa Lucash, Portland State University
• Stephen Ogle, Colorado State University
• Marcela Olguín-Álvarez, Consultant, SilvaCarbon Program
• Yude Pan, USDA Forest Service
• Margaret Skutsch, Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental
• Carolyn Smyth, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service
• Chris Swanston, USDA Forest Service
• Pamela Templer, Boston University
• Dave Wear, USDA Forest Service
• Christopher W. Woodall, USDA Forest Service

Science Lead

• Richard Birdsey, Woods Hole Research Center

Review Editor

• Marc G. Kramer, Washington State University, Vancouver

Federal Liaisons

• John Schade, National Science Foundation
• Anne Marsh, USDA Forest Service
• Karina V. R. Schäfer (former), National Science Foundation

Chapter 10: Grasslands

Lead Author

• Elise Pendall, Western Sydney University

Contributing Authors

• Dominique Bachelet, Oregon State University
• Richard T. Conant, Colorado State University
• Bassil El Masri, Murray State University
• Lawrence B. Flanagan, University of Lethbridge
• Alan K. Knapp, Colorado State University
• Jinxun Liu, U.S. Geological Survey
• Shuguang Liu, Central South University of Forestry and Technology
• Sean M. Schaeffer, University of Tennessee

Science Lead

• Sasha C. Reed, U.S. Geological Survey

Review Editor

• Rachel Melnick, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture

Federal Liaisons

• Nancy Cavallaro, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Anne Marsh, USDA Forest Service

Chapter 11: Arctic and Boreal Carbon

Lead Authors

• Edward A. G. Schuur, Northern Arizona University
• A. David McGuire, U.S. Geological Survey and University of Alaska, Fairbanks
• Vladimir Romanovsky, University of Alaska, Fairbanks

Contributing Authors

• Christina Schädel, Northern Arizona University
• Michelle Mack, Northern Arizona University

Science Lead

• Sasha C. Reed, U.S. Geological Survey

Review Editor

• Marc G. Kramer, Washington State University, Vancouver

Federal Liaisons

• Zhiliang Zhu, U.S. Geological Survey
• Eric Kasischke (former), NASA
• Jared DeForest (former), DOE Office of Science

Chapter 12: Soils

Lead Authors

• Kate Lajtha, Oregon State University
• Vanessa L. Bailey, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Contributing Authors

• Karis McFarlane, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
• Keith Paustian, Colorado State University
• Dominique Bachelet, Oregon State University
• Rose Abramoff, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
• Denis Angers, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
• Sharon A. Billings, University of Kansas
• Darrel Cerkowniak, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
• Yannis G. Dialynas, University of Cyprus (formerly at Georgia Institute of Technology)
• Adrien Finzi, Boston University
• Nancy H. F. French, Michigan Technological University
• Serita Frey, University of New Hampshire
• Noel P. Gurwick, U.S. Agency for International Development
• Jennifer Harden, U.S. Geological Survey and Stanford University
• Jane M. F. Johnson, USDA Agricultural Research Service
• Kristofer Johnson, USDA Forest Service
• Johannes Lehmann, Cornell University
• Shuguang Liu, Central South University of Forestry and Technology
• Brian McConkey, Agriculture and AgriFood Canada
• Umakant Mishra, Argonne National Laboratory
• Scott Ollinger, University of New Hampshire
• David Paré, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service
• Fernando Paz Pellat, Colegio de Postgraduados Montecillo
• Daniel deB. Richter, Duke University
• Sean M. Schaeffer, University of Tennessee
• Joshua Schimel, University of California, Santa Barbara
• Cindy Shaw, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service
• Jim Tang, Marine Biological Laboratory
• Katherine Todd-Brown, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
• Carl Trettin, USDA Forest Service
• Mark Waldrop, U.S. Geological Survey
• Thea Whitman, University of Wisconsin, Madison
• Kimberly Wickland, U.S. Geological Survey

Science Lead

• Melanie A. Mayes, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Review Editor

• Francesca Cotrufo, Colorado State University

Federal Liaison

• Nancy Cavallaro, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture

Chapter 13: Terrestrial Wetlands

Lead Authors

• Randall Kolka, USDA Forest Service
• Carl Trettin, USDA Forest Service

Contributing Authors

• Wenwu Tang, University of North Carolina, Charlotte
• Ken Krauss, U.S. Geological Survey
• Sheel Bansal, U.S. Geological Survey
• Judith Drexler, U.S. Geological Survey
• Kimberly Wickland, U.S. Geological Survey
• Rodney Chimner, Michigan Technological University
• Diana Hogan, U.S. Geological Survey
• Emily J. Pindilli, U.S. Geological Survey
• Brian Benscoter, Florida Atlantic University
• Brian Tangen, U.S. Geological Survey
• Evan Kane, Michigan Technological University
• Scott Bridgham, University of Oregon
• Curtis Richardson, Duke University

Science Lead

• Raymond G. Najjar, The Pennsylvania State University

Review Editor

• Gil Bohrer, Ohio State University

Federal Liaisons

• Zhiliang Zhu, U.S. Geological Survey
• Eric Kasischke (former), NASA

Chapter 14: Inland Waters

Lead Author

• David Butman, University of Washington

Contributing Authors

• Rob Striegl, U.S. Geological Survey
• Sarah Stackpoole, U.S. Geological Survey
• Paul del Giorgio, Université du Québec à Montréal
• Yves Prairie, Université du Québec à Montréal
• Darren Pilcher, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington and NOAA
• Peter Raymond, Yale University
• Fernando Paz Pellat, Colegio de Postgraduados Montecillo
• Javier Alcocer, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Science Lead

• Raymond G. Najjar, The Pennsylvania State University

Review Editor

• Nicholas Ward, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Federal Liaisons

• Nancy Cavallaro, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Zhiliang Zhu, U.S. Geological Survey

Chapter 15: Tidal Wetlands and Estuaries

Lead Authors

• Lisamarie Windham-Myers, U.S. Geological Survey
• Wei-Jun Cai, University of Delaware

Contributing Authors

• Simone R. Alin, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
• Andreas Andersson, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
• Joseph Crosswell, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization
• Kenneth H. Dunton, University of Texas, Austin
• Jose Martin Hernandez-Ayon, Autonomous University of Baja California
• Maria Herrmann, The Pennsylvania State University
• Audra L. Hinson, Texas A&M University
• Charles S. Hopkinson, University of Georgia
• Jennifer Howard, Conservation International
• Xinping Hu, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi
• Sara H. Knox, U.S. Geological Survey
• Kevin Kroeger, U.S. Geological Survey
• David Lagomasino, University of Maryland
• Patrick Megonigal, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
• Raymond G. Najjar, The Pennsylvania State University
• May-Linn Paulsen, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
• Dorothy Peteet, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
• Emily Pidgeon, Conservation International
• Karina V. R. Schäfer, Rutgers University
• Maria Tzortziou, City University of New York
• Zhaohui Aleck Wang, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
• Elizabeth B. Watson, Drexel University

Expert Reviewer

• Camille Stagg, U.S. Geological Survey

Science Lead

• Raymond G. Najjar, The Pennsylvania State University

Review Editor

• Marjorie Friederichs, Virginia Institute of Marine Science

Federal Liaisons

• Zhiliang Zhu, U.S. Geological Survey
• , Authors wish to thank their respective funding agencies, including the U.S. Geological Survey LandCarbon Program, NASA Carbon Monitoring System Program (NNH14AY671 for Windham-Myers), and the National Science Foundation Division of Ocean Sciences (OCE 1238212, 1637630, and 1237140 for Hopkinson).

Chapter 16: Coastal Ocean and Continental Shelves

Lead Author

• Katja Fennel, Dalhousie University

Contributing Authors

• Simone R. Alin, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
• Leticia Barbero, NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
• Wiley Evans, Hakai Institute
• Timothée Bourgeois, Dalhousie University
• Sarah R. Cooley, Ocean Conservancy
• John Dunne, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
• Richard A. Feely, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
• Jose Martin Hernandez-Ayon, Autonomous University of Baja California
• Chuanmin Hu, University of South Florida
• Xinping Hu, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi
• Steven E. Lohrenz, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth
• Frank Muller-Karger, University of South Florida
• Raymond G. Najjar, The Pennsylvania State University
• Lisa Robbins, University of South Florida
• Joellen Russell, University of Arizona
• Elizabeth H. Shadwick, College of William & Mary
• Samantha Siedlecki, University of Connecticut
• Nadja Steiner, Fisheries and Oceans Canada
• Daniela Turk, Dalhousie University
• Penny Vlahos, University of Connecticut
• Zhaohui Aleck Wang, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Science Lead

• Raymond G. Najjar, The Pennsylvania State University

Review Editor

• Marjorie Friederichs, Virginia Institute of Marine Science

Federal Liaisons

• Erica H. Ombres, NOAA Ocean Acidification Program
• Laura Lorenzoni, NASA Earth Science Division

Chapter 17: Biogeochemical Effects of Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide

Lead Authors

• Sarah R. Cooley, Ocean Conservancy
• David J. P. Moore, University of Arizona

Contributing Authors

• Simone R. Alin, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
• David Butman, University of Washington
• David W. Clow, U.S. Geological Survey
• Nancy H. F. French, Michigan Technological University
• Richard A. Feely, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
• Zackary I. Johnson, Duke University
• Gretchen Keppel-Aleks, University of Michigan
• Steven E. Lohrenz, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth
• Ilissa B. Ocko, Environmental Defense Fund
• Elizabeth H. Shadwick, College of William & Mary
• Adrienne J. Sutton, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
• Christopher S. Potter, NASA Ames Research Center
• Yuki Takatsuka, Florida State University
• Anthony P. Walker, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
• Rita M. S. Yu, University of Washington

Science Lead

• Melanie A. Mayes, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Review Editor

• Adam J. Terando, U.S. Geological Survey

Federal Liaisons

• Erica H. Ombres, NOAA Ocean Acidification Program
• Kathy Tedesco, NOAA Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research

Chapter 18: Carbon Cycle Science in Support of Decision Making

Lead Author

• Tristram O. West, DOE Office of Science

Contributing Authors

• Noel P. Gurwick, U.S. Agency for International Development
• Molly E. Brown, University of Maryland
• Riley Duren, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
• Siân Mooney, Arizona State University
• Keith Paustian, Colorado State University
• Emily McGlynn, University of California, Davis
• Elizabeth L. Malone, Independent Researcher
• Adam Rosenblatt, University of North Florida
• Nathan Hultman, University of Maryland
• Ilissa B. Ocko, Environmental Defense Fund

Science Lead

• Paty Romero-Lankao, National Center for Atmospheric Research (currently at National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

Review Editor

• Emily J. Pindilli, U.S. Geological Survey

Federal Liaisons

• Nancy Cavallaro, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Gyami Shrestha, U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research

Chapter 19: Future of the North American Carbon Cycle

Lead Authors

• Deborah N. Huntzinger, Northern Arizona University
• Abhishek Chatterjee, Universities Space Research Association and NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office

Contributing Authors

• David J. P. Moore, University of Arizona
• Sara Ohrel, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
• Tristram O. West, DOE Office of Science
• Benjamin Poulter, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
• Anthony P. Walker, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
• John Dunne, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
• Sarah R. Cooley, Ocean Conservancy
• Anna M. Michalak, Carnegie Institution for Science and Stanford University
• Maria Tzortziou, City University of New York
• Lori Bruhwiler, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory
• Adam Rosenblatt, University of North Florida
• Yiqi Luo, Northern Arizona University
• Peter J. Marcotullio, Hunter College, City University of New York
• Joellen Russell, University of Arizona

Science Lead

• Melanie A. Mayes, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Review Editor

• Tara Hudiburg, University of Idaho

Federal Liaisons

• Elisabeth Larson, North American Carbon Program and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Science Systems and Applications Inc.
• John Schade, National Science Foundation
• Karina V. R. Schäfer, National Science Foundation

Chapter appendix-a: Report Development Process

Lead Author

• Gyami Shrestha, U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research

Chapter appendix-b: Information Quality in the Assessment

Lead Author

• Gyami Shrestha, U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research

Chapter appendix-c: Selected Carbon Cycle Research Observations and Measurement Programs

Chapter appendix-d: Carbon Measurement Approaches and Accounting Frameworks

Lead Authors

• Richard Birdsey, Woods Hole Research Center
• Noel P. Gurwick, U.S. Agency for International Development
• Kevin Robert Gurney, Northern Arizona University
• Gyami Shrestha, U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
• Melanie A. Mayes, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
• Raymond G. Najjar, The Pennsylvania State University
• Sasha C. Reed, U.S. Geological Survey
• Paty Romero-Lankao, National Center for Atmospheric Research (currently at National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

Chapter appendix-e: Fossil Fuel Emissions Estimates for North America

Lead Authors

• Andrew R. Jacobson, University of Colorado, Boulder, and NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory
• John B. Miller, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory
• Kevin Robert Gurney, Northern Arizona University

Chapter appendix-f: Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Units

Chapter appendix-g: Glossary

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  David R. Easterling, Sarah Champion, Katharine M. Johnson, Angel Li, Thomas K. Maycock, and Brooke C. Stewart
• Expert Reviewers:
  Sam Baldwin, DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy; Sarah Burch, Waterloo University; John Robinson, University of Toronto; Benjamin Sovacool, University of Sussex and Aarhaus University; Camille Stagg, U.S. Geological Survey; Hal Wilhite, University of Oslo; and Nicole Woolsey Biggart, University of California, Davis
• Global Carbon Project
  
• ICF International, Inc.
  
• University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Cooperative Programs for the Advancement of Earth System Science (UCAR CPAESS)
  

U.S. Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture

• Cover: North American carbon cycling illustration, courtesy Ron Oden, University of Nevada, Reno.
• Preface: NASA
• Chapter 1: iStockphoto.com
• Chapter 2: Alamy Stock Photo
• Chapter 3: iStockphoto.com
• Chapter 4: iStockphoto.com
• Chapter 5: iStockphoto.com
• Chapter 6: iStockphoto.com
• Chapter 7: Flathead River on the Flathead Reservation of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes, courtesy Maureen I. McCarthy.
• Chapter 8: Keeling Building of the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawai‘i, courtesy Forrest M. Mims III.
• Chapter 9: Aspen trees in northwestern Ontario, courtesy Grant M. Domke.
• Chapter 10: iStockphoto.com
• Chapter 11: Abrupt thaw in Noatak National Preserve, Alaska, courtesy Edward A. G. Schuur.
• Chapter 12: Carbon-enriched soil surface horizon, courtesy Vanessa L. Bailey.
• Chapter 13: Prairie pothole wetland in South Dakota, courtesy U.S. Geological Survey.
• Chapter 14: Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska, courtesy Mark Dornblaser.
• Chapter 15: iStockphoto.com
• Chapter 16: iStockphoto.com
• Chapter 17: DOE Free-Air CO2 Enrichment experiment in Wisconsin, courtesy Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
• Chapter 18: iStockphoto.com
• Chapter 19: iStockphoto.com
• Appendix A: iStockphoto.com
• Appendix B: Keeling Building of the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawai‘i, courtesy Forrest M. Mims III.
• Appendix C: iStockphoto.com
• Appendix D: iStockphoto.com
• Appendix E: iStockphoto.com
• Appendix F: NASA
• Appendix G: iStockphoto.com
• Search: NASA
• Downloads: NASA
• Credits: NASA

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