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Description: The third GOMECC (GOMECC-3) performed a large-scale survey of ocean acidification trends and dynamics in the Gulf of Mexico on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Ronald H. Brown ship. The NOAA Ocean Acidification Program has been charged with setting up an ocean acidification monitoring network to quantify the increase in near-surface water carbon dioxide (CO2) and associated changes in inorganic carbon speciation. As part of the observing scheme, dedicated research cruises are conducted to investigate the water column properties along select transects, and pertinent surface water characteristics are evaluated along the cruise track. Coastal ocean measurements of unprecedented quality are used to improve understanding both of where ocean acidification is happening and of how ocean chemistry patterns are changing over time. GOMECC-3 is the most comprehensive ocean acidification cruise to date in this region, also including sampling in the international waters of Mexico for the first time.
Sponsoring agency: NOAA
Observation type: Cruise
Location: Gulf of Mexico
More information: URL; URL and URL
Description: GO-SHIP collaborations bring together scientists with interests in physical oceanography, the carbon cycle, marine biogeochemistry and ecosystems, and other users and collectors of ocean interior data. The program also coordinates a network of globally sustained hydrographic sections as part of the global ocean and climate observing system, including physical oceanography, the carbon cycle, marine biogeochemistry and ecosystems. GO-SHIP provides approximately decadal resolution of the changes in inventories of heat, freshwater, carbon, oxygen, nutrients and transient tracers, covering the ocean basins from coast to coast at full depth (top to bottom). Its global measurements are of the highest accuracy required to detect these changes.
Sponsoring agencies: National Science Foundation (NSF) and NOAA
Observation type: Sustained ocean cruise observations
Location: Global ocean
Timeline: 2006 to present
More information: URL and URL
Description: High-frequency autonomous CO2 moorings monitor and improve understanding of the coastal ocean carbon balance, continent-scale carbon budgets and impacts of ocean acidification in coastal regions.
Sponsoring agency: NOAA
Observation type: Sustained ocean cruise observations
Location: Coastal and open ocean
Timeline: 2005 to present
More information: Link and
Link.
Description: SOCAT is a synthesis activity for quality-controlled, surface ocean fCO₂ (i.e., fugacity of CO2) observations by the international marine carbon research community, including more than 100 contributors. SOCAT data is publicly available, discoverable, and citable. SOCAT enables the quantification of the ocean carbon sink and ocean acidification and the evaluation of ocean biogeochemical models. Celebrating its 10th anniversary in 2017, SOCAT represents a milestone in biogeochemical and climate research and in informing policy.
Sponsoring agency: NOAA
Observation type: Surface ocean CO2 synthesis
Location: International
Timeline: 2007 to present
More information: URL and URL
Description: NOAA’s automated measurement campaign of surface water CO2 from 17 ships of opportunity (SOOP-CO2) quantifies the fluxes of CO2 on seasonal and regional scales.
Sponsoring agency: NOAA
Observation type: Sustained ocean cruise observations
Location: Global ocean
Description: The AmeriFlux Network, a community of sites and scientists measuring ecosystem carbon, water, and energy fluxes across the Americas, is committed to producing and sharing high-quality eddy covariance data. AmeriFlux investigators and modelers work together to generate understanding of terrestrial ecosystems in a changing world.
Sponsoring agencies: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and many partners
Observation type: Surface network
Location: Western Hemisphere
Timeline: 1996 to present
More information: ameriflux.lbl.gov
Description: The international DIRT network was established to assess how rates and sources of plant litter inputs control the long-term stability, accumulation, and chemical nature of soil organic matter in forested ecosystems over decadal time scales. Sites span climatic and soil gradients, with sampling occurring about every 10 years.
Sponsoring agencies: NSF and others
Observation type: Distributed field campaign
Location: United States and global
Timeline: 1956 to present
More information: URL
Description: FACE research technology creates a platform for multidisciplinary, ecosystem-scale research on the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations over extended periods of time. FACE technology is capable of providing a means by which the environment around growing plants may be modified to realistically simulate future concentrations of atmospheric CO2. FACE field data represent plant and ecosystem responses to concentrations of atmospheric CO2 in a natural setting possible during the next century.
Sponsoring agencies: DOE, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC)
Observation type: Distributed field campaign
Location: United States and global
Timeline: 1994 to present
More information: URL and URL
Description: The FIA program provides statistically reliable quantitative estimates of forest area and ownership; species, volume, total tree growth, mortality, and removals; wood production and utilization rates; and forest carbon including soils. More than 150,000 forested sample plots are on non-federal lands. FIA measurements of forest carbon are the basis for U.S. reporting to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change for the annual monitoring of carbon in the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory.
Sponsoring agency: U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service
Observation type: Distributed field campaign supplemented by remote sensing
Location: United States
Timeline: 1930 to present
More information: URL
Description: GRACEnet is a research program initiated to better quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from cropped and grazed soils under current management practices and to identify and further develop improved management practices that will enhance carbon sequestration in soils, decrease GHG emissions, promote sustainability, and provide a sound scientific basis for carbon credits and GHG trading programs. This program generates information needed by agroecosystem modelers, producers, program managers, and policymakers. Coordinated multilocation field studies follow standardized protocols to compare 1) net emissions of GHGs including CO2, nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4); 2) carbon sequestration; 3) crop and forage yields; and 4) broad environmental benefits under different management systems. These systems typify existing production practices, maximize carbon sequestration, minimize net GHG emissions, and meet sustainable production and broad environmental benefit goals (e.g., carbon sequestration; net GHG emissions; and water, air, and soil quality). The data are accessible through a Geospatial Portal for Scientific Research (GPSR) application that is an ongoing effort of the USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) to increase the availability of research data to the broader scientific community. The data contained within this application represent complex relationships of data among hundreds of scientific measurements.
Sponsoring agency: USDA ARS
Observation type: Field campaign
Location: United States
Timeline: 2003 to present
More information: URL and URL
Description: The gSSURGO database is the most detailed level of soil geographic data developed by the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS) in accordance with NCSS mapping standards and at a variety of map scales. The three soil geographic databases are the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) database, and the National Soil Geographic (NATSGO) database. These tabular data representing soil attributes are derived from properties and characteristics stored in the National Soil Information System (NASIS), such as soil organic carbon, soil texture, bulk density, available water storage, salinity, water table depth, depth to bedrock, flooding, potential wetland soil landscapes, associated metadata, and land management.
Sponsoring agency: USDA Natural Resources Conversation Service (NRCS)
Observation type: Distributed field, remotesensing, and air campaign
Location: United States
Timeline: ~1930 to present
More information: URL
Description: The ISCN is a self-chartered, scientific community resource devoted to the advancement of soil carbon research. The network coordinates independent soil research and monitoring efforts in the United States and internationally. ISCN members contribute to an open-access, community-driven soil carbon database.
Sponsoring agencies: USDA Forest Service, NRCS, and National Institute of Food and Agriculture; U.S. Geological Survey (USGS); and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Observation type: Distributed field campaign
Location: United States and global
Timeline: 2012 to present
More information: URL
Description: The Landsat series of satellites provides the longest temporal record (over 45 years) of moderate resolution data of the Earth’s surface on a global basis. Landsat is a critical element of national and global carbon observation capability, providing foundational data covering many sectors of carbon observations and monitoring, such as forests, agriculture, soil, water, and land use. Landsat data, unique in quality, detail, coverage, and value, are routinely used in carbon cycle studies including mapping, modeling, and assessment.
Sponsoring agencies: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and USGS
Observation type: Repeat measurements of surface reflectance by satellites
Location: Global
Timeline: 1972 to present
Description: As the largest and longest-lived U.S. ecological network, LTER provides scientific expertise, research platforms, and long-term datasets to document and analyze environmental change, supporting a network of over 26 LTER sites encompassing diverse ecosystems including deserts, estuaries, lakes, the ocean, coral reefs, prairies, forests, alpine and Arctic tundra, urban areas, and production agriculture. The network was created to conduct research on ecological issues that can last decades and span huge geographical areas, assembling a multidisciplinary group of more than 2,000 scientists and graduate students.
Sponsoring agencies: NSF, USDA Forest Service, USDA ARS, U.S. Department of Interior (U.S. DOI) National Park Service, U.S. DOI Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Observation type: Distributed field campaign, airborne, and surface network
Location: Continental United States, Alaska, Antarctica, and islands in the Caribbean and the Pacific
Timeline: 1980 to present
More information: URL
Description: Initial research of NGEE-Arctic will focus on the highly dynamic landscapes of the North Slope (Barrow, Alaska), where thaw lakes, drained thaw lake basins, and ice-rich polygonal ground offer distinct land units for investigation and modeling. This project involves mechanistic studies in the field and the laboratory; modeling of critical and interrelated water, nitrogen, carbon, and energy dynamics; and characterization of important interactions, from molecular to landscape scales, that drive feedbacks to the climate system.
Sponsoring agency: DOE
Observation type: Field campaign
Location: Alaska
Timeline: 2012 to 2022
More information: URL
Description: NGEE-Tropics is a combined observational and modeling project to increase scientific understanding of how tropical forest ecosystems will respond to climatic and atmospheric changes, reduce uncertainty in Earth System Model projections, and discover whether tropical forests will act as net carbon sinks throughout this century. NGEE uses coupled observations and field campaigns in tropical forest regions and has developed a process-rich tropical forest ecosystem model at a resolution better than 10 km.
Sponsoring agencies: DOE, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, USDA Forest Service, and NASA
Observation type: Field and aircraft campaign
Location: Puerto Rico; Manaus, Brazil; and Panama
Timeline: 2016 to 2026
More information: URL
Description: NEON is designed to collect and provide open data that characterize and quantify complex, rapidly changing ecological processes in terrestrial and aquatic environments across the United States. The comprehensive data, spatial extent, and remote-sensing technology provided by NEON enable a large and diverse user community to tackle new questions at scales not accessible to previous generations of ecologists.
Sponsoring agency: NSF
Observation type: Distributed field campaign, airborne, and surface network
Location: United States
Timeline: 2011 to 2048
More information: URL
Description: PEATcosm is a mesocosm experiment in which 24 bins, each 1 m3, are filled with relatively intact, undisturbed peat. PEATcosm 1, established in 2011, evaluates the influence of a lower water table and the shrub and Ericaceae communities on carbon cycling. PEATcosm 2, currently under establishment, is assessing the effect of water tables and the tree community encroachment on carbon cycles.
Sponsoring agencies: USDA Forest Service and NSF
Observation type: In situ measurements of carbon processes
Location: Houghton, Michigan
Timeline: 2011 to 2022
More information: URL
Description: RaCA is designed to develop statistically reliable quantitative estimates of the amounts and distribution of carbon stocks for U.S. soils under various land covers and to the extent possible under differing agricultural management. The project also seeks to provide 1) data to support model simulations of soil carbon change related to land-use change, agricultural management, conservation practices, and climate change and 2) a scientifically and statistically defensible U.S. inventory of soil carbon stocks.
Sponsoring agency: USDA
Observation type: Distributed field campaign
Location: United States
Timeline: 2010 to present
More information: URL
Description: The SPRUCE experiment, conducted in a black spruce peat bog in the U.S. Forest Service Marcell Experimental Forest in northern Minnesota, tests mechanisms controlling the vulnerability of organisms, biogeochemical processes, and ecosystems to climate change. SPRUCE is focused on the combined responses to multiple levels of warming at ambient or elevated CO2 levels, toward improving fundamental understanding and model representation of ecosystem processes under climate change.
Sponsoring agencies: DOE and USDA Forest Service
Observation type: Field campaign
Location: Minnesota
Timeline: 2015 to 2025
More information: URL
Description: The TRACE experiment, conducted in wet tropical forests in the Luquillo Experimental Forest in northeast Puerto Rico, evaluates the effects of temperature increase on soil structure, biogeochemical cycling, plant physiology, and other key ecosystem processes, with a particular focus on understanding the relationship between temperature and carbon cycling. TRACE uses infrared heat to warm soils and understory plants and small resistance heaters to warm individual leaves in the forest canopy with the ultimate goal of improving the fundamental understanding and model representation of tropical forest processes in a warmer world.
Sponsoring agencies: USDA Forest Service and DOE
Observation type: Field campaign
Location: Puerto Rico
Timeline: 2015 to 2020 (est.)
More information: URL and URL
Description: ABoVE is a large-scale investigation of the impact of environmental change on ecosystem function, ecosystem services, and its implications for social-ecological systems in Alaska and northwestern Canada. ABoVE research links field-based, process-level studies with geospatial data products derived from airborne and satellite sensors, providing a foundation for improving analysis and modeling capabilities for northern ecosystems.
Sponsoring agencies: NASA in partnership with DOE, DOI, USDA Forest Service, and the State of Alaska, as well as several Canadian federal and provincial agencies.
Observation type: Satellite and aircraft
Location: Alaska and western Canada
Timeline: September 2015 to September 2023
More information: URL
Description: The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility is a multi-laboratory DOE scientific user facility with numerous national and international collaborators. ARM is a key contributor to national and international climate research efforts. Its data are currently collected from three atmospheric observatories representing the broad range of climate conditions around the world. ARM also operates three mobile facilities and additional aerial facilities and conducts specialized campaigns. Data are available from all past research campaigns and the former Tropical Western Pacific observatory.
Sponsoring agencies: DOE and NASA
Location: Southern Great Plains, North Slope of Alaska, and eastern North Atlantic, along with ARM mobile and aerial facilities. (Past research campaigns included a variety of locations.)
Timeline: 1989 to present
More information: URL and URL
Description: ACT-America involves five 6-week airborne campaigns to quantify anomalies in atmospheric carbon. The campaign enabled and demonstrated a new generation of atmospheric inversion systems for quantifying CO2 and CH4 sources and sinks.
Sponsoring agencies: NASA (EVS-2) and NOAA
Observation type: Aircraft
Location: Eastern United States
Timeline: July 2016 to May 2018 (est.)
More information: URL
Description: AirMOSS collected and used airborne radar to collect soil moisture data from nine climatic habitats in North America to estimate how much carbon the continent is taking in or releasing to the atmosphere.
Sponsoring agencies: NASA (EVS-1)
Observation type: Aircraft
Location: Continental United States and Alaska
Timeline: March 2012 to August 2016
More Information: URL
Description: ATom is a global-scale aircraft sampling of the atmosphere that studies the impact of air pollution on GHGs and chemically reactive gases in the atmosphere to improve the representation of these reactive gases and short-lived climate forcers in global models of atmospheric chemistry and climate. Profiles of these gases will also provide critical information for validation of satellite data, particularly in remote areas where in situ data are lacking. Flights occur in each of four seasons over a 4-year period.
Sponsoring agencies: NASA (EVS-2)
Observation type: Aircraft
Location: Global
Timeline: April 2015 to April 2019
More information: URL
Description: CARVE was a 5-year mission to measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes from Alaska, using sensors aboard a NASA aircraft. These measurements were combined with continuous ground-based measurements to provide temporal and regional context as well as calibration for airborne measurements. Contributions of tower and aircraft observations were provided by NOAA as well as a CARVE tower near Fairbanks that took continuous measurements of CO2 and CH4. Flying over 4 years with varying weather patterns allowed better understanding of the sensitivity of CO2 and CH4 fluxes to temperature and precipitation.
Sponsoring agencies: NASA (EVS-1) and NOAA
Observation type: Aircraft and surface network
Location: Alaska
Timeline: November 2010 to November 2015
More information: URL
Description: NOAA GGGRN’s Cooperative Air Sampling Network involves weekly flask sampling at 76 sites worldwide, including 23 in North America, and four ocean cruise tracks. Air samples are collected in glass flasks and shipped to a central laboratory for analysis of CO2, CH4, carbon monoxide (CO), molecular hydrogen (H2), N2O, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and stable isotopes of CO2 and CH4, as well as of many volatile organic compounds such as ethane (C2H6), ethylene (C2H4), and propane (C3H8).
Sponsoring agency: NOAA
Observation type: Flask measurement network
Timeline: 1967 (at Niwot Ridge, Colorado) to present (sites continuously added)
More information: URL
Description: NOAA Global Monitoring Division’s Observatories make continuous measurements of CO2, CH4, CO, isotopic compositions, and other carbon cycle–relevant quantities at Barrow, Alaska; Summit, Greenland; Mauna Loa, Hawaiʻi; American Samoa; and the South Pole.
Sponsoring agency: NOAA
Observation type: Continuous measurements
More information: www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/obop
Description: GGGRN’s Aircraft program conducts regular profiling at 15 sites with about a 14-day measurement frequency. Flasks are analyzed for CO2, CO, N2O, CH4, H2, and SF6, as well as isotopes of CO2 and CH4 and multiple halo- and hydrocarbons.
Sponsoring agency: NOAA
Observation type: Aircraft
Timeline: 1992 to present
More information: URL
Description: GGGRN’s Tall Tower program makes continuous measurements of CO2, CH4, and CO at seven towers of varying heights up to about 400 m above ground level.
Sponsoring agency: NOAA
Observation type: Tall tower
Timeline: 1990s to present
More information: URL
Description: The Megacities Carbon Project aims to demonstrate a scientifically robust capability to measure multiyear emission trends of CO2, CH4, and CO attributed to individual megacities and selected major sectors. Studies over Los Angeles and Paris, as well as planning for a study over São Paulo, are underway.
Sponsoring agencies: NASA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Keck Institute for Space Studies
Observation type: Surface measurement network
Location: Los Angeles and Paris
Timeline: August 2015 (completion of current network installation) to present
More information: URL
Description: MODIS is a key instrument aboard the satellites Terra (originally known as EOS AM-1) and Aqua (originally known as EOS PM-1). Terra MODIS and Aqua MODIS are viewing the entire Earth’s surface every 1 to 2 days, acquiring data to improve understanding of global dynamics and processes occurring on the land, in the ocean, and in the lower atmosphere, such as gross primary productivity, land cover, evapotranspiration, thermal anomalies, chlorophyll concentration, sea ice, and water inundation.
Observation type: Satellite
Location: Global
Timeline: Terra, 1999 to present; Aqua, 2002 to present
More information: URL
Description: OCO-2 measures CO2 from space with the precision, resolution, and coverage needed to provide a global picture of human and natural sources and sinks. These measurements are being combined with data from ground stations, aircraft, and other satellites to help answer key questions about the global carbon cycle and how it interacts with climate change.
Sponsoring agency: NASA
Observation type: Satellite, aircraft, and surface network
Location: Global
Timeline: July 2014 to July 2016
More information: URL
Description: ORCAS is an airborne field campaign to advance understanding of the physical and biological controls on air-sea exchange of oxygen (O2) and CO2 in the Southern Ocean, through intensive airborne surveys of atmospheric O2, CO2, related gases, and ocean surface properties over biogeochemical regions adjacent to the southern tip of South America and the Antarctic Peninsula.
Sponsoring agencies: NSF and NASA
Observation type: Aircraft
Location: Puntas Arenas, Chile
Timeline: January–February 2016
More information: URL
Description: SMAP is a satellite mission whose goal is to provide a capability for global mapping of soil moisture and the freeze/thaw state with unprecedented accuracy, resolution, and coverage. Science objectives are to 1) understand processes that link the terrestrial water, energy, and carbon cycles; 2) estimate global water and energy fluxes at the land surface; 3) quantify net carbon flux in boreal landscapes; 4) enhance weather and climate forecast skill; and 5) develop improved flood prediction and drought-monitoring capabilities. On July 7, 2015, SMAP’s radar stopped transmitting, marking the end of soil moisture radar operations; however, the passive SMAP soil moisture radiometer continues to return data.
Sponsoring agency: NASA
Observation type: Satellite
Location: Global
Timeline: January 2015 to May 2018
More information: URL
Description: The SMAPVEX-16 campaign flew an L-band radar and microwave radiometer over U.S. and Canadian agricultural areas to further evaluate SMAP satellite data products. Additional flights were associated with SMAPVEX 2015.
Sponsoring agencies: NASA, USDA, Agriculture Canada, and Canadian Space Agency
Location: Iowa and Manitoba
Timeline: June–August 2016
More information: URL and URL
Description: The SONGEX campaign aims to 1) quantify emissions of trace gases, fine particles, and CH4 from several types of oil and shale gas basins in the western United States at different stages of development and 2) study the chemical transformation of these emissions.
Sponsoring agencies: NOAA, NASA, and NSF
Observation type: Aircraft
Location: North Dakota, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Texas, and New Mexico
Timeline: March–May 2015
More information: URL
Description: TOPDOWN aims to understand the atmospheric impact of rapidly expanding oil and gas operations in the Bakken shale play in North Dakota through downwind cross-section flights of the active field, quantifying key atmospheric trace gases (e.g., CO2, CO, CH4, ethane (C2H6), and ozone) and black carbon using airborne in situ sensors and complementary airborne remote-sensing instrumentation. Subsequent flights examined the Denver-Julesburg basin in northeast Colorado and the San Juan basin in New Mexico.
Sponsoring agencies: NOAA, NASA, NSF, and DOE
Observation type: Aircraft
Location: North Dakota, Colorado, and New Mexico
Timeline: May–June 2014 and April 2015
More information: URL
Description: WINTER evaluates the atmospheric chemical transformations and transport associated with anthropogenic emissions during winter in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States, including the Marcellus Pennsylvania shale play. Measurements will be made in large urban and industrial plumes; coal-fired power plant emissions; and distributed emissions from oil and gas extraction, agricultural or biofuel burning, and vegetation.
Sponsoring agencies: NSF and NOAA
Observation type: Aircraft
Location: Northeastern United States
Timeline: February–March 2015
More information: URL
Continuous measurements of CO2 at three sites in the United Kingdom (2012 to 2015).
Continuous measurements of CO2 at Syowa Station, Antarctica (1984 to present).
Continuous measurements of CO2 at Hyltemossa and Norunda, Sweden (2015 to present).
Continuous measurements of CO2 at Station Lutjewad, Netherlands (2006 to present).
Continuous measurements of CO2 at Beromünster, Switzerland (2012 to present), and Jungfraujoch, Switzerland (2004 to present).
Continuous measurements of CO2 at Pasadena, California (2007 to 2013), and Palos Verdes Peninsula, California (2010 to 2013).
Continuous measurements of CO2 at 28 U.S. sites out of a planned 50, with data planned to be commercially available.
Continuous measurements of CO2 at Cesar, Cabauw, Netherlands (1992 to present).
Continuous sampling of CO2, CO, CH4, and other species conducted at 22 tower sites across Canada (www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change.html; beginning 1988–2014 to present).
SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY), an imaging spectrometer, performing global measurements of trace gases in the troposphere and stratosphere (www.sciamachy.org; March 2002 to April 2012).
Continuous measurements of CO2 at PallasSammaltunturi, Finland (2000 to present).
Continuous and flask sampling by the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) project on five campaign flights (2009 to 2011).
CO2 Budget and Regional Airborne Study (COBRA) aircraft measurements of regional to continental fluxes of CO and CO2 over North America (2003 to 2004).
Continuous measurements of CO2 at Gartow, Hohenpeissenberg, and Lindenberg, Germany (2015 to present).
Continuous measurements of CO2 at Hegyhatsal, Hungary (1994 to present).
Continuous measurements of CO2 at seven sites in Spain (2013 to present) and flask measurements at one site in Spain (2008 to 2015).
Continuous measurements of CO2 at Heidelberg, Germany (1996 to 2015).
Flask measurements at Arembepe, Brazil (2006 to 2010), and Farol de Mãe Luiza Lighthouse, Brazil (2010 to 2015). Aircraft flask samples at four sites in Brazil (2010 to 2012).
Continuous measurements of CO2 at Izana, Tenerife, Canary Islands (1984 to present).
Aircraft flask measurements (2011 to 2015) and surface continuous measurements of CO2 at three stations in Japan (1987 to present).
Continuous measurements of CO2 at Amsterdam Island (2012 to present); Mace Head, Ireland (2010 to present); and Puy-de-Dôme, France (2011 to present).
Continuous measurements of CO2 via Atmospheric Vertical Observations of CO2 in the Earth’s Troposphere (AVOCET) from various campaigns, including TRACE-P, SEAC4RS, INTEX-B, INTEX-NA, DISCOVER-AQ, DC3, and ARCTAS (2001 to present).
Quasi-continuous measurements of CO2 at five mountaintop locations in the United States: Hidden Peak, Utah; Niwot Ridge, Colorado; Roof Butte, Arizona; Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado; and Storm Peak Laboratory, Steamboat Springs, Colorado (beginning 2005–2007 to present).
Flask and in situ continuous measurements of CO2 aboard commercial aircraft as part of the Comprehensive Observation Network for Trace gases by an Airliner (CONTRAIL) project (1993 to present).
Observations of infrared light reflected and emitted from the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere by Japan’s Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). Column abundances of CO2 and CH4 are calculated from the observational data. GOSAT flies at an altitude of approximately 666 km and completes one revolution in about 100 minutes. The satellite returns to the same point in space in three days. Its onboard observation instrument is the Thermal And Near-infrared Sensor for carbon Observation (TANSO), which consists of two subunits: the Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) and the Cloud and Aerosol Imager (CAI).
Continuous measurements of CO2 at Baring Head Station, New Zealand (1972 to present).
Stratosphere-Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport (START08) aircraft measurement campaign departing from Colorado (April–June 2008). Co-sponsors include the National Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Colorado, Harvard University, University of Miami, Princeton University, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Texas A&M University, and The Pennsylvania State University.
Campaign-mode continuous measurements of CO2 by a number of projects including the Aerosol, Radiation, and Cloud Processes affecting Arctic Climate (ARCPAC, 2008), California Nexus (CalNex, 2010), Southeast Nexus (SENex, 2013), Shale Oil and Natural Gas Nexus (SONGNex, 2015), and the Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS, 2006).
Continuous measurements of CO2 at Birkenes Observatory, Norway (2015 to present); Ny-Ålesund and Svalbard, Norway; and Sweden (2015 to present).
Flask sampling for multiple trace gas species at 15 sites worldwide, including three in North America: Alert, Canada; Mauna Loa, Hawaiʻi; and Estevan Point, British Columbia (early 1990s to present).
Continuous measurements of CO2 at seven sites in Oregon (most beginning in 2007 to present).
Continuous monitoring of CO2, CH4, and CO by the Indianapolis Flux Experiment (INFLUX) at seven tower sites around Indianapolis, Indiana (2011 to 2012).
Measurements of CO2, CH4, and CO at 18 various U.S. tower and surface sites conducted intermittently for periods of up to 3 years (2007 to present).
Continuous measurements of CO2 at Plateau Rosa Station, Italy (2008 to present).
Continuous measurements of CO2 at Schauinsland, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany (2014 to present).
Flask sampling by SIO at 16 locations worldwide including seven in North America: Alert, Nunavut, Canada; Baja California Sur, Mexico; Barrow, Alaska; Cold Bay, Alaska; Cape Kumukahi, Hawaiʻi; La Jolla, California; and Mauna Loa, Hawaiʻi (beginning 1957–1996, most continuing to present).
Continuous measurements of CO2 at Cape Point, South Africa (1993 to present).
Continuous measurements of CO2 at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland (2009 to present).
Continuous measurements of CO2 at Weybourne, United Kingdom (2007 to present).
Continuous measurements of CO2 at Hyytiala, Finland (2012 to present).
Continuous measurements of CO2 at Rosemount Research and Outreach Center, Minnesota (2007 to present).
1 This appendix is a partial listing; some important observations may not be presented. Some content is adapted from Our Changing Planet: The U.S. Global Change Research Program for Fiscal Year 2016 and includes information from GLOBALVIEW-CO2 (www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/globalview/co2/co2_intro.html).↩
www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/globalview/co2/co2_intro.html↩