Home Highlights About This Report Executive Summary Executive Summary Highlights Preface Carbon Cycling in Grasslands Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction and Historical Context Introduction: The Social Embeddedness of Carbon Overview of the Global Carbon Cycle The Role of Carbon in the Earth System Aquatic Observations D.1 Approaches to Measuring Carbon Stocks and Flows Glossary Introduction Introduction Introduction Acronyms Guide to the Report What Is the Carbon Cycle, and Why Is It Important? Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> in Prior Geological Ages Carbon Cycling Processes in Soils Current and Historical Context Current Understanding of Carbon Fluxes and Stocks Current Understanding of Grassland Productivity and Carbon Stocks Current Understanding of Carbon Fluxes and Stocks Energy Behavior and Embedded Carbon Historical Context Historical Context Historical Context Historical Context Historical Context Historical Context and North American Perspective Historical Context of Vegetation and Soil Carbon Pools Historical Context, Overview of Carbon Fluxes and Stocks in Tidal Wetlands and Estuaries Overview of the Global Carbon Cycle Societal Drivers and Carbon Management Decisions The Natural Carbon Cycle The North American Carbon Budget User Demand for Carbon Cycle Science A.1 U.S. Global Change Research Program B.1 Identification of Literature Sources D.2 Methods for Estimating Carbon Stocks and Fluxes Emissions Estimates Considered Terrestrial Observations Abbreviations and Units How Is the Global Carbon Cycle Changing? Interagency Context of U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Aquatic Consequences of Rising CO<sub>2</sub> Carbon Cycle Science Used for Decision Making Coastal Carbon Fluxes Around North America Current State of the Agricultural Carbon Cycle Current Understanding of Carbon Fluxes and Stocks Current Understanding of Carbon Fluxes and Stocks Current Understanding of Carbon Fluxes and Stocks Current Understanding of Carbon Pools and Fluxes Current Understanding of Carbon Stocks and Fluxes Current Understanding of Carbon Stocks and Fluxes Current Understanding of Wetland Stocks and Fluxes Energy Systems Global, North American, and Regional Context Governance and Carbon Indicators, Trends, and Feedbacks Major Drivers of Carbon Cycle Changes and Their Future Projections Modeling SOC Dynamics North American Energy System Perturbations to the Global Carbon Cycle Societal Drivers A.2 Subcommittee on Global Change Research Atmospheric Observations B.2 Compliance with the Information Quality Act Time Series of North American Emissions, 2004 to 2013 Carbon Sources, Sinks, and Stocks in North America Attribution and Trends Carbon Fluxes and Stocks in Tidal Wetlands and Estuaries of North America Carbon Scenarios Embedded in the Future Climate Trends and Feedbacks Current and Future Trends Future Land Carbon Cycle Indicators, Trends, and Feedbacks Indicators, Trends, and Feedbacks Indicators, Trends, and Feedbacks Indicators, Trends, and Feedbacks Indicators, Trends, and Feedbacks North American and Regional Context Societal Drivers, Impacts, and Carbon Management Technical Capabilities and Challenges for Supporting Decision Making Terrestrial Consequences of Rising CO<sub>2</sub> The Future Carbon Cycle: Emissions, Sinks, and Carbon Cycle–Climate Feedbacks Trends and Feedbacks Trends in North American Carbon Cycling Understanding Urban Carbon Fluxes Wetland Management, Restoration, and Creation A.3 Carbon Cycle Interagency Working Group Additional Atmospheric Observations (Listed by Institution)<sup>2</sup> B.3 Gray Literature D.3 Frameworks for Carbon Accounting Effects of Carbon Cycle Changes on North Americans and Their Environments Agriculture Agriculture’s Impact on Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> Carbon Cycle Feedbacks of Rising CO<sub>2</sub> Conclusions Future Ocean and Coastal Carbon Cycle Global Perspective Global, North American, and Regional Context Global, North American, and Regional Context Global, North American, and U.S. Context Indicators, Trends, and Feedbacks Pathways for Science to Support Decision Making Regional Context Societal Drivers, Impacts, and Carbon Management Societal Drivers, Impacts, and Carbon Management Societal Drivers, Impacts, and Carbon Management Societal Drivers, Impacts, and Carbon Management Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Outlook Terrestrial Wetland Trends and Feedbacks The Carbon Cycle and Climate Mitigation Vulnerability and Embedded Carbon A.4 SOCCR2 Federal Steering Committee A Systems Approach to Linking the Carbon Cycle and Society Carbon Management Decisions Consequences for Ecosystem Services Future Freshwater Carbon Cycle Global Context Global, North American, and Regional Context Social Science Perspectives on Carbon Societal Drivers and Impacts Societal Drivers and Impacts Societal Drivers, Impacts, and Carbon Management Societal Drivers, Impacts, and Carbon Management Societal Drivers, Impacts, and Carbon Management Socioecological Systems and Embedded Carbon Summary and Outlook Synthesis and Outlook Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Outlook Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Outlook A.5 SOCCR2 Chapter Federal Liaisons Projections of the Future Carbon Cycle, Potential Impacts, and Uncertainties Appendix 7A Carbon Management Carbon Management Decisions Sociotechnical Transitions and Embedded Carbon Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Key Research Needs Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Outlook Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Outlook Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Outlook Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Outlook Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Outlook Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Outlook Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Outlook Tribal Lands A.6 Science Leads Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Outlook Carbon Management and Mitigation Appendix 13A: Terrestrial Wetland Area and Carbon Pools Appendix 15A: Supplemental Data Tables Carbon Connections in Social Networks Future Outlook Observations of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Methane A.7 Chapter Teams Conclusion and Progress Since SOCCR1 Appendix 13B: Terrestrial Wetland–Atmosphere Exchange of Carbon Dioxide and Methane Forests Social Practices and Carbon Configurations Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Key Challenges A.8 Contributing Authors Grasslands The Roles of Communication and Stakeholder Involvement A.9 Creating SOCCR2 Arctic and Boreal Carbon Opportunities to Reduce Carbon Emissions Conclusions Soils Terrestrial Wetlands Inland Waters Tidal Wetlands and Estuaries Coastal Ocean and Continental Shelves Biogeochemical Effects of Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Carbon Cycle Science in Support of Decision Making Future of the North American Carbon Cycle Report Development Process Information Quality in the Assessment Selected Carbon Cycle Research Observations and Measurement Programs Carbon Measurement Approaches and Accounting Frameworks Fossil Fuel Emissions Estimates for North America Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Units Glossary Supporting Evidence Supporting Evidence Supporting Evidence Supporting Evidence Supporting Evidence Supporting Evidence Supporting Evidence Supporting Evidence Supporting Evidence Supporting Evidence Supporting Evidence Supporting Evidence Supporting Evidence Supporting Evidence Supporting Evidence Supporting Evidence Supporting Evidence Supporting Evidence Supporting Evidence References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References References 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Second State of the Carbon Cycle Report

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