Jump to a report section: 1: The Role of Carbon in the Earth System 2: The Natural Carbon Cycle 3: Perturbations to the Global Carbon Cycle 4: The Future Carbon Cycle: Emissions, Sinks, and Carbon Cycle–Climate Feedbacks 5: The Carbon Cycle and Climate Mitigation TA: Supporting Evidence References 1: Carbon Cycling in Grasslands 2: Current Understanding of Grassland Productivity and Carbon Stocks 3: Indicators, Trends, and Feedbacks 4: Societal Drivers, Impacts, and Carbon Management 5: Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Outlook TA: Supporting Evidence References 1: Introduction 2: Historical Context of Vegetation and Soil Carbon Pools 3: Current Understanding of Carbon Pools and Fluxes 4: Indicators, Trends, and Feedbacks 5: Societal Drivers, Impacts, and Carbon Management 6: Summary and Outlook TA: Supporting Evidence References 1: Introduction 2: Carbon Cycling Processes in Soils 3: Modeling SOC Dynamics 4: North American and Regional Context 5: Societal Drivers, Impacts, and Carbon Management 6: Synthesis and Outlook TA: Supporting Evidence References 1: Introduction 2: Current and Historical Context 3: Current Understanding of Wetland Stocks and Fluxes 4: Wetland Management, Restoration, and Creation 5: Terrestrial Wetland Trends and Feedbacks 6: Global, North American, and Regional Context 7: Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Outlook 8: Appendix 13A: Terrestrial Wetland Area and Carbon Pools 9: Appendix 13B: Terrestrial Wetland–Atmosphere Exchange of Carbon Dioxide and Methane TA: Supporting Evidence References 1: Introduction 2: Historical Context 3: Current Understanding of Carbon Fluxes and Stocks 4: Current and Future Trends 5: Global, North American, and U.S. Context 6: Societal Drivers, Impacts, and Carbon Management 7: Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Outlook TA: Supporting Evidence References 1: Introduction 2: Historical Context, Overview of Carbon Fluxes and Stocks in Tidal Wetlands and Estuaries 3: Global, North American, and Regional Context 4: Carbon Fluxes and Stocks in Tidal Wetlands and Estuaries of North America 5: Indicators, Trends, and Feedbacks 6: Societal Drivers, Impacts, and Carbon Management 7: Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Outlook 8: Appendix 15A: Supplemental Data Tables TA: Supporting Evidence References 1: Introduction 2: Current Understanding of Carbon Fluxes and Stocks 3: Coastal Carbon Fluxes Around North America 4: Climate Trends and Feedbacks 5: Conclusions TA: Supporting Evidence References 1: Introduction 2: Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> in Prior Geological Ages 3: Aquatic Consequences of Rising CO<sub>2</sub> 4: Terrestrial Consequences of Rising CO<sub>2</sub> 5: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks of Rising CO<sub>2</sub> 6: Consequences for Ecosystem Services 7: Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Outlook TA: Supporting Evidence References 1: Introduction 2: User Demand for Carbon Cycle Science 3: Carbon Cycle Science Used for Decision Making 4: Technical Capabilities and Challenges for Supporting Decision Making 5: Pathways for Science to Support Decision Making TA: Supporting Evidence References 1: Introduction 2: Overview of the Global Carbon Cycle 3: Major Drivers of Carbon Cycle Changes and Their Future Projections 4: Future Land Carbon Cycle 5: Future Ocean and Coastal Carbon Cycle 6: Future Freshwater Carbon Cycle 7: Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Key Research Needs TA: Supporting Evidence References 1: Introduction 2: Historical Context 3: Current Understanding of Carbon Stocks and Fluxes 4: Trends in North American Carbon Cycling 5: Regional Context 6: Societal Drivers, Impacts, and Carbon Management 7: Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Outlook TA: Supporting Evidence References 1: Introduction 2: Historical Context 3: North American Energy System 4: Indicators, Trends, and Feedbacks 5: Global, North American, and Regional Context 6: Societal Drivers and Impacts 7: Carbon Management Decisions 8: Future Outlook 9: Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Key Challenges TA: Supporting Evidence References 1: Introduction 2: Current Understanding of Carbon Fluxes and Stocks 3: Societal Drivers 4: Trends and Feedbacks 5: Global, North American, and Regional Context 6: Carbon Management Decisions 7: Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Outlook TA: Supporting Evidence References 1: Introduction and Historical Context 2: Societal Drivers and Carbon Management Decisions 3: Current State of the Agricultural Carbon Cycle 4: Indicators, Trends, and Feedbacks 5: Agriculture’s Impact on Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> 6: Global Context 7: Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Outlook TA: Supporting Evidence References 1: Introduction: The Social Embeddedness of Carbon 2: Energy Behavior and Embedded Carbon 3: Governance and Carbon 4: Carbon Scenarios Embedded in the Future 5: Vulnerability and Embedded Carbon 6: Socioecological Systems and Embedded Carbon 7: Sociotechnical Transitions and Embedded Carbon 8: Carbon Connections in Social Networks 9: Social Practices and Carbon Configurations 10: The Roles of Communication and Stakeholder Involvement 11: Opportunities to Reduce Carbon Emissions 12: Conclusions TA: Supporting Evidence References 1: Introduction 2: Historical Context and North American Perspective 3: Current Understanding of Carbon Stocks and Fluxes 4: Indicators, Trends, and Feedbacks 5: Societal Drivers, Impacts, and Carbon Management 6: Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Outlook 7: Appendix 7A TA: Supporting Evidence References 1: Introduction 2: Historical Context 3: Current Understanding of Carbon Fluxes and Stocks 4: Indicators, Trends, and Feedbacks 5: Societal Drivers, Impacts, and Carbon Management 6: Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Outlook TA: Supporting Evidence References 1: Introduction 2: Historical Context 3: Current Understanding of Carbon Fluxes and Stocks 4: Attribution and Trends 5: Global Perspective 6: Societal Drivers and Impacts 7: Carbon Management 8: Synthesis, Knowledge Gaps, and Outlook TA: Supporting Evidence References 1: Introduction 2: A.1 U.S. Global Change Research Program 3: A.2 Subcommittee on Global Change Research 4: A.3 Carbon Cycle Interagency Working Group 5: A.4 SOCCR2 Federal Steering Committee 6: A.5 SOCCR2 Chapter Federal Liaisons 7: A.6 Science Leads 8: A.7 Chapter Teams 9: A.8 Contributing Authors 10: A.9 Creating SOCCR2 References 1: Introduction B.1 Identification of Literature Sources B.2 Compliance with the Information Quality Act B.3 Gray Literature References 1: Aquatic Observations 2: Terrestrial Observations 3: Atmospheric Observations 4: Additional Atmospheric Observations (Listed by Institution)<sup>2</sup> 1: D.1 Approaches to Measuring Carbon Stocks and Flows 2: D.2 Methods for Estimating Carbon Stocks and Fluxes 4: D.3 Frameworks for Carbon Accounting References 1: Introduction 2: Emissions Estimates Considered 3: Time Series of North American Emissions, 2004 to 2013 References 1: Acronyms 2: Abbreviations and Units 1: Glossary 1: Executive Summary 2: What Is the Carbon Cycle, and Why Is It Important? 3: How Is the Global Carbon Cycle Changing? 4: Carbon Sources, Sinks, and Stocks in North America 5: Effects of Carbon Cycle Changes on North Americans and Their Environments 6: A Systems Approach to Linking the Carbon Cycle and Society 7: Projections of the Future Carbon Cycle, Potential Impacts, and Uncertainties 8: Carbon Management and Mitigation 9: Conclusion and Progress Since SOCCR1 References 1: Highlights 1: About This Report 2: Guide to the Report 3: Interagency Context of U.S. Carbon Cycle Science References
