Climate Change, Global Food Security, and the U.S. Food System - Brown, M.E.; Antle, J.M.; Backlund, P.; Carr, E.R.; Easterling, W.E.; Walsh, M.K.; Ammann, C.; Attavanich, W.; Barrett, C.B.; Bellemare, M.F.; Dancheck, V.; Funk, C.; et al. (USDA Technical Document, 2015)

First State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR): The North American Carbon Budget and Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle. A Report By the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee On Global Change Research - CCSP (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, 2007)

Public law 101-606 (11/16/90) 104 Stat. 3096-3104 - Global Change Research Act (1990)

Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change - IPCC (Cambridge University Press, 2013)

Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment - Melillo, J. M.; Richmond, T.; Yohe (eds.), G. W. (U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2014)

A U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Plan - Michalak, A.M.; Jackson, R.; Marland, G.; Sabine, C.; Carbon Cycle Science Working Group (University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, 2011)

Accomplishments of the U.S. Global Change Research Program - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (The National Academies Press, 2017)

Guidelines for Ensuring and Maximizing the Quality, Objectivity, Utility, and Integrity of Information Disseminated by Federal Agencies - OMB (Federal Register, 2002)

The National Global Change Research Plan 2012-2021: A Strategic Plan for the U.S. Global Change Research Program - USGCRP (2012)

Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I - USGCRP (U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2017)

The National Global Change Research Plan 2012-2021: A Triennial Update - USGCRP (2017)

Energy, Industry, and Waste Management Activities: An Introduction to CO2 Emissions From Fossil Fuels - Marland, G.; Andres, R. J.; Blasing, T. J.; Boden, T. A.; Broniak, C. T.; Gregg, J. S.; Losey, L. M.; Treanton, K. (First State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR): The North American Carbon Budget and Implications For the Global Carbon Cycle. A Report By the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research, 2007)

A U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Plan, A Report of the Carbon and Climate Working Group for the U.S. Global Change Research Program - Sarmiento, J. L.; Wofsy, S. C.; Carbon and Climate Working Group (1999)

The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment - USGCRP (U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2016)

M-17-30. Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies. FY 2019 Administration Research and Development Budget Priorities - White House Executive Office of the President (2018)

Climate Change, Global Food Security, and the U.S. Food System - Brown, M.E.; Antle, J.M.; Backlund, P.; Carr, E.R.; Easterling, W.E.; Walsh, M.K.; Ammann, C.; Attavanich, W.; Barrett, C.B.; Bellemare, M.F.; Dancheck, V.; Funk, C.; et al. (USDA Technical Document, 2015)

First State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR): The North American Carbon Budget and Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle. A Report By the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee On Global Change Research - CCSP (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, 2007)

Public law 101-606 (11/16/90) 104 Stat. 3096-3104 - Global Change Research Act (1990)

Request for Public Engagement in the Interagency Special Report ‘2nd State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR-2).’ A Notice by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture - FRN (Federal Register, 81FR7497, 7497-7499, Document Number: 2016-02927, 2016)

Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment - Melillo, J. M.; Richmond, T.; Yohe (eds.), G. W. (U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2014)

A U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Plan - Michalak, A.M.; Jackson, R.; Marland, G.; Sabine, C.; Carbon Cycle Science Working Group (University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, 2011)

Review of the Draft Fourth National Climate Assessment - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (The National Academies Press, 2018)

The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment - USGCRP (U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2016)

The National Global Change Research Plan 2012-2021: A Strategic Plan for the U.S. Global Change Research Program - USGCRP (U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2012)

Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I - USGCRP (U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2017)

The National Global Change Research Plan 2012-2021. A Triennial Update - USGCRP (U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2017)

Memorandum for Heads of Departments and Agencies. OMB Circular M-05-03. Final Information Quality Bulletin for Peer Review - Executive Office of the President. Office of Management and Budget (2004)

Request for Public Engagement in the Interagency Special Report ‘2nd State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR-2).’ A Notice by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture - FRN (Federal Register, 81FR7497, 7497-7499, Document Number: 2016-02927, 2016)

Notice of Availability of Draft Scientific Assessment for Public Comment. A Notice by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture - FRN (Federal Register, 82FR51802, 51802, Document Number: 2017-24347, 2017)

Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment - Melillo, J. M.; Richmond, T.; Yohe (eds.), G. W. (U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2014)

Review of the Draft Second State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR2) - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (The National Academies Press, 2018)

Information Quality Activities. General Information - USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2018)

The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment - USGCRP (U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2016)

Global Carbon Budget 2017 - Le Quéré, C.; Andrew, R. M.; Friedlingstein, P.; Sitch, S.; Pongratz, J.; Manning, A. C.; Korsbakken, J. I.; Peters, G. P.; Canadell, J. G.; Jackson, R. B.; Boden, T. A.; Tans, P. P.; et al. (Earth System Science Data, 2018)
ESSD

A synthesis of carbon in international trade - Peters, G. P.; Davis, S. J.; Andrew, R. (Biogeosciences, 2012)
BG

An atmospheric perspective on North American carbon dioxide exchange: CarbonTracker - Peters, W.; Jacobson, A. R.; Sweeney, C.; Andrews, A. E.; Conway, T. J.; Masarie, K.; Miller, J. B.; Bruhwiler, L. M.; Petron, G.; Hirsch, A. I.; Worthy, D. E.; van der Werf, G. R.; et al. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 2007)
We present an estimate of net CO(2) exchange between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere across North America for every week in the period 2000 through 2005. This estimate is derived from a set of 28,000 CO(2) mole fraction observations in the global atmosphere that are fed into a state-of-the-art data assimilation system for CO(2) called CarbonTracker. By design, the surface fluxes produced in CarbonTracker are consistent with the recent history of CO(2) in the atmosphere and provide constraints on the net carbon flux independent from national inventories derived from accounting efforts. We find the North American terrestrial biosphere to have absorbed -0.65 PgC/yr (1 petagram = 10(15) g; negative signs are used for carbon sinks) averaged over the period studied, partly offsetting the estimated 1.85 PgC/yr release by fossil fuel burning and cement manufacturing. Uncertainty on this estimate is derived from a set of sensitivity experiments and places the sink within a range of -0.4 to -1.0 PgC/yr. The estimated sink is located mainly in the deciduous forests along the East Coast (32%) and the boreal coniferous forests (22%). Terrestrial uptake fell to -0.32 PgC/yr during the large-scale drought of 2002, suggesting sensitivity of the contemporary carbon sinks to climate extremes. CarbonTracker results are in excellent agreement with a wide collection of carbon inventories that form the basis of the first North American State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR), to be released in 2007. All CarbonTracker results are freely available at http://carbontracker.noaa.gov.
Peters, Wouter Jacobson, Andrew R Sweeney, Colm Andrews, Arlyn E Conway, Thomas J Masarie, Kenneth Miller, John B Bruhwiler, Lori M P Petron, Gabrielle Hirsch, Adam I Worthy, Douglas E J van der Werf, Guido R Randerson, James T Wennberg, Paul O Krol, Maarten C Tans, Pieter P eng Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 2007/11/30 09:00 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Nov 27;104(48):18925-30. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0708986104.
Keywords: Agriculture Air/analysis Atmosphere/*analysis Biomass Carbon Dioxide/*analysis Crops, Agricultural/metabolism Disasters Environmental Monitoring/*instrumentation Fires Fossil Fuels Greenhouse Effect Human Activities North America Poaceae/metabolism Trees/metabolism

A new global gridded data set of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion: Methodology and evaluation - Rayner, P. J.; Raupach, M. R.; Paget, M.; Peylin, P.; Koffi, E. (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2010)
Keywords: carbon cycle atmospheric CO2 0322 Constituent sources and sinks 0315 Biosphere/atmosphere interactions 0414 Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling

A new evaluation of the uncertainty associated with CDIAC estimates of fossil fuel carbon dioxide emission - Andres, Robert J.; Boden, Thomas A.; Higdon, David (Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 2014)

A multiyear, global gridded fossil fuel CO2 emission data product: Evaluation and analysis of results - Asefi-Najafabady, S.; Rayner, P. J.; Gurney, K. R.; McRobert, A.; Song, Y.; Coltin, K.; Huang, J.; Elvidge, C.; Baugh, K. (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2014)

Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions - Boden, T. A.; Marland, G.; Andres, R. J. (Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2017)

International Data - EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2017)

CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, 1971–2003 - IEA (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development and International Energy Agency. OECD Publishing, 2005)

Fossil CO2 and GHG Emissions of All World Countries - Janssens-Maenhout, G.; Crippa, M.; Guizzardi, D.; Muntean, M.; Schaaf, E.; Olivier, J.; Peters, J.; Schure, K. (EU Publications, 2017)

EDGAR v4.3.2 Global Atlas of the three major Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the period 1970-2012 - Janssens-Maenhout, Greet; Crippa, Monica; Guizzardi, Diego; Muntean, Marilena; Schaaf, Edwin; Dentener, Frank; Bergamaschi, Peter; Pagliari, Valerio; Olivier, Jos G. J.; Peters, Jeroen A. H. W.; van Aardenne, John A.; Monni, Suvi; et al. (Earth System Science Data Discussions, 2017)

WorldPop Archive global gridded spatial datasets. Version Alpha 0.9 - Lloyd, C. (Harvard Dataverse, 2016)

High resolution global gridded data for use in population studies - Lloyd, C. T.; Sorichetta, A.; Tatem, A. J. (Sci Data, 2017)
Recent years have seen substantial growth in openly available satellite and other geospatial data layers, which represent a range of metrics relevant to global human population mapping at fine spatial scales. The specifications of such data differ widely and therefore the harmonisation of data layers is a prerequisite to constructing detailed and contemporary spatial datasets which accurately describe population distributions. Such datasets are vital to measure impacts of population growth, monitor change, and plan interventions. To this end the WorldPop Project has produced an open access archive of 3 and 30 arc-second resolution gridded data. Four tiled raster datasets form the basis of the archive: (i) Viewfinder Panoramas topography clipped to Global ADMinistrative area (GADM) coastlines; (ii) a matching ISO 3166 country identification grid; (iii) country area; (iv) and slope layer. Further layers include transport networks, landcover, nightlights, precipitation, travel time to major cities, and waterways. Datasets and production methodology are here described. The archive can be downloaded both from the WorldPop Dataverse Repository and the WorldPop Project website.
Lloyd, Christopher T Sorichetta, Alessandro Tatem, Andrew J eng U19 AI089674/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England 2017/02/01 06:00 Sci Data. 2017 Jan 31;4:170001. doi: 10.1038/sdata.2017.1.
Keywords: Databases, Factual Datasets as Topic Humans *Population Dynamics

Energy and CO2 emission data uncertainties - Macknick, Jordan (Carbon Management, 2014)

Energy, Industry, and Waste Management Activities: An Introduction to CO2 Emissions From Fossil Fuels - Marland, G.; Andres, R. J.; Blasing, T. J.; Boden, T. A.; Broniak, C. T.; Gregg, J. S.; Losey, L. M.; Treanton, K. (First State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR): The North American Carbon Budget and Implications For the Global Carbon Cycle. A Report By the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research, 2007)

Trends in Global CO2 and Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 2017 Report - Olivier, J.; Schure, K. M.; Peters, J. A. (PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2017)

Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience - Berkes, F.; Folke, C. (Cambridge University Press, 1998)

First State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR): The North American Carbon Budget and Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle. A Report By the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research - CCSP (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, 2007)

Reconciling Carbon-cycle Concepts, Terminology, and Methods - Chapin, F. S.; Woodwell, G. M.; Randerson, J. T.; Rastetter, E. B.; Lovett, G. M.; Baldocchi, D. D.; Clark, D. A.; Harmon, M. E.; Schimel, D. S.; Valentini, R.; Wirth, C.; Aber, J. D.; et al. (Ecosystems, 2006)
Keywords: net ecosystem production net ecosystem carbon balance gross primary production ecosystem respiration autotrophic respiration heterotrophic respiration net ecosystem exchange net biome production net primary production terrestrial ecosystems atmospheric co2 organic-carbon primary productivity energy-flow salt-marsh metabolism forests climate photosynthesis

The need for “apples-to-apples” comparisons of carbon dioxide source and sink estimates - Hayes, Daniel; Turner, David (Eos Transactions, 2012)
Keywords: net ecosystem exchange carbon dioxide modeling carbon cycling 0426 Biosphere/atmosphere interactions 0414 Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling 0428 Carbon cycling 0430 Computational methods and data processing 1631 Land/atmosphere interactions

Emissions Scenarios: A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - IPCC (2000)

Section 404 and Swampbuster: Wetlands On Agricultural Lands - U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2015)

Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I - USGCRP (U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2017)

Glossary of the American Meteorological Society - AMS (2018)

Energy primer - Grubler, A.; Johansson, T. B.; Mundaca, L.; Nakicenovic, N.; Pachauri, S.; Riahi, K.; Rogner, H.-H.; Strupeit, L. (Global Energy Assessment, 2013)

Estimating U.S. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Supply Chain: Approaches, Uncertainties, Current Estimates, and Future Studies - Heath, G.; Warner, E.; Steinberg, D.; Brandt, A. (Joint Institute for Strategic Energy Analysis, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2015)

Application of Ionophores in Cattle Diets - Hershom, M.; Thrift, T. (University of Florida Animal Science Extension publication AN285, 2012)

Annex II: Glossary - Mach, K. J.; Planton, S.; von Stechow, C. (Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014)

Marine atmospheric boundary layer cellular convection and longitudinal roll vortices - Sikora, T. D.; Ufermann, S. (Synthetic Aperture Radar Marine User’s Manual, 2004)

Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions Technical Report - Boden, T. A.; Marland, G.; Andres, R.J. (Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2017)

The First State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR): the North American Carbon Budget and Implications For the Global Carbon Cycle. A Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research - CCSP (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, 2007)

Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment - Melillo, J. M.; Richmond, T.; Yohe (eds.), G. W. (US Global Change Research Program, 2014)

A U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Plan - Michalak, A.M.; Jackson, R.; Marland, G.; Sabine, C.; Carbon Cycle Science Working Group (University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, 2011)

Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I - USGCRP (U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2017)

The Paris Agreement - UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2015)

Compliance Offset Program - CARB (California Air Resources Board, 2018)

Can bottom-up ocean CO2 fluxes be reconciled with atmospheric 13C observations? - Alden, Caroline; Miller, John; White, James (Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 2017)

AMAP Assessment 2015: Methane As an Arctic Climate Forcer - AMAP (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, 2015)

The Trouble with Negative Emissions - Anderson, K.; Peters, G. (Science, 2016)

The Millennial Atmospheric Lifetime of Anthropogenic CO2 - Archer, David; Brovkin, Victor (Climatic Change, 2008)

Atmospheric Lifetime of Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide - Archer, David; Eby, Michael; Brovkin, Victor; Ridgwell, Andy; Cao, Long; Mikolajewicz, Uwe; Caldeira, Ken; Matsumoto, Katsumi; Munhoven, Guy; Montenegro, Alvaro; Tokos, Kathy (Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2009)
CO2 released from combustion of fossil fuels equilibrates among the various carbon reservoirs of the atmosphere, the ocean, and the terrestrial biosphere on timescales of a few centuries. However, a sizeable fraction of the CO2 remains in the atmosphere, awaiting a return to the solid earth by much slower weathering processes and deposition of CaCO3. Common measures of the atmospheric lifetime of CO2, including the e-folding time scale, disregard the long tail. Its neglect in the calculation of global warming potentials leads many to underestimate the longevity of anthropogenic global warming. Here, we review the past literature on the atmospheric lifetime of fossil fuel CO2 and its impact on climate, and we present initial results from a model intercomparison project on this topic. The models agree that 20–35% of the CO2 remains in the atmosphere after equilibration with the ocean (2–20 centuries). Neutralization by CaCO3 draws the airborne fraction down further on timescales of 3 to 7 kyr.
Keywords: climate,warming,ocean chemistry,carbon cycle

Recent decreases in fossil-fuel emissions of ethane and methane derived from firn air - Aydin, M.; Verhulst, K. R.; Saltzman, E. S.; Battle, M. O.; Montzka, S. A.; Blake, D. R.; Tang, Q.; Prather, M. J. (Nature, 2011)
Keywords: Antarctic Regions Atmosphere/*chemistry Biofuels Biomass Ethane/*analysis Fires *Fossil Fuels/history/utilization Geography Greenland History, 20th Century History, 21st Century Ice/analysis Methane/*analysis Models, Theoretical Snow/*chemistry

TransCom 3 Inversion Intercomparison: Impact of Transport Model Errors On the Interannual Variability of Regional CO2 Fluxes, 1988-2003 - Baker, D. F.; Law, R. M.; Gurney, K. R.; Rayner, P.; Peylin, P.; Denning, A. S.; Bousquet, P.; Bruhwiler, L.; Chen, Y. H.; Ciais, P.; Fung, I. Y.; Heimann, M.; et al. (Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2006)

Increase in observed net carbon dioxide uptake by land and oceans during the past 50 years - Ballantyne, A. P.; Alden, C. B.; Miller, J. B.; Tans, P. P.; White, J. W. (Nature, 2012)
Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry Carbon/analysis Carbon Dioxide/*analysis/history *Carbon Sequestration Climate Change/*statistics & numerical data History, 20th Century History, 21st Century Human Activities Models, Theoretical Oceans and Seas Seawater/*chemistry Time Factors Uncertainty

Interannual variability of the oceanic CO2 sink in the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean over the last 2 decades - Bates, Nicholas R. (Journal of Geophysical Research, 2007)

Historical warnings of future food insecurity with unprecedented seasonal heat - Battisti, D. S.; Naylor, R. L. (Science, 2009)
Keywords: Africa South of the Sahara Agriculture/*trends Animals Animals, Domestic *Climate Commerce Crops, Agricultural/economics/*growth & development Droughts Extreme Heat Food/economics *Food Supply/economics Forecasting France Greenhouse Effect *Hot Temperature Humans *Seasons Tropical Climate Ukraine

El Niño and a Record CO2 Rise - Betts, Richard A.; Jones, Chris D.; Knight, Jeff R.; Keeling, Ralph F.; Kennedy, John J. (Nature Climate Change, 2016)

Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles - Ciais, P.; Sabine, C.; Bala, G.; Bopp, L.; Brovkin, V.; Canadell, J.; Chhabra, A.; DeFries, R.; Galloway, J.; Heimann, M.; Jones, C.; Quéré, C. Le; et al. (Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013)

Evaluation of a proposal for reliable low-cost grid power with 100% wind, water, and solar - Clack, Christopher T. M.; Qvist, Staffan A.; Apt, Jay; Bazilian, Morgan; Brandt, Adam R.; Caldeira, Ken; Davis, Steven J.; Diakov, Victor; Handschy, Mark A.; Hines, Paul D. H.; Jaramillo, Paulina; Kammen, Daniel M.; et al. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 2017)
Previous analyses have found that the most feasible route to a low-carbon energy future is one that adopts a diverse portfolio of technologies. In contrast, Jacobson et al. (2015) consider whether the future primary energy sources for the United States could be narrowed to almost exclusively wind, solar, and hydroelectric power and suggest that this can be done at “low-cost” in a way that supplies all power with a probability of loss of load “that exceeds electric-utility-industry standards for reliability”. We find that their analysis involves errors, inappropriate methods, and implausible assumptions. Their study does not provide credible evidence for rejecting the conclusions of previous analyses that point to the benefits of considering a broad portfolio of energy system options. A policy prescription that overpromises on the benefits of relying on a narrower portfolio of technologies options could be counterproductive, seriously impeding the move to a cost effective decarbonized energy system.A number of analyses, meta-analyses, and assessments, including those performed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and the International Energy Agency, have concluded that deployment of a diverse portfolio of clean energy technologies makes a transition to a low-carbon-emission energy system both more feasible and less costly than other pathways. In contrast, Jacobson et al. [Jacobson MZ, Delucchi MA, Cameron MA, Frew BA (2015) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112(49):15060–15065] argue that it is feasible to provide “low-cost solutions to the grid reliability problem with 100% penetration of WWS [wind, water and solar power] across all energy sectors in the continental United States between 2050 and 2055”, with only electricity and hydrogen as energy carriers. In this paper, we evaluate that study and find significant shortcomings in the analysis. In particular, we point out that this work used invalid modeling tools, contained modeling errors, and made implausible and inadequately supported assumptions. Policy makers should treat with caution any visions of a rapid, reliable, and low-cost transition to entire energy systems that relies almost exclusively on wind, solar, and hydroelectric power.

Atmospheric methane levels off: Temporary pause or a new steady-state? - Dlugokencky, E. J. (Geophysical Research Letters, 2003)

Continuing decline in the growth rate of the atmospheric methane burden - Dlugokencky, E. J.; Masarie, K. A.; Lang, P. M.; Tans, P. P. (Nature, 1998)

The atmospheric cycle of methane - Ehhalt, D. H. (Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, 1974)

Reappraisal of the Fossil Methane Budget and Related Emission From Geologic Sources - Etiope, Giuseppe; Lassey, Keith R.; Klusman, Ronald W.; Boschi, Enzo (Geophysical Research Letters, 2008)

Linking Ozone Pollution and Climate Change: The Case For Controlling Methane - Fiore, Arlene M.; Jacob, Daniel J.; Field, Brendan D.; Streets, David G.; Fernandes, Suneeta D.; Jang, Carey (Geophysical Research Letters, 2002)

Uncertainties in CMIP5 Climate Projections Due To Carbon Cycle Feedbacks - Friedlingstein, Pierre; Meinshausen, Malte; Arora, Vivek K.; Jones, Chris D.; Anav, Alessandro; Liddicoat, Spencer K.; Knutti, Reto (Journal of Climate, 2014)

Betting On Negative Emissions - Fuss, Sabine; Canadell, Josep G.; Peters, Glen P.; Tavoni, Massimo; Andrew, Robbie M.; Ciais, Philippe; Jackson, Robert B.; Jones, Chris D.; Kraxner, Florian; Nakicenovic, Nebosja; Le Quéré, Corinne; Raupach, Michael R.; et al. (Nature Climate Change, 2014)

Negative Emissions Physically Needed to Keep Global Warming Below 2°C - Gasser, T.; Guivarch, C.; Tachiiri, K.; Jones, C. D.; Ciais, P. (Nature Communications, 2015)

Constraining the Ratio of Global Warming to Cumulative CO2 Emissions Using CMIP5 Simulations - Gillett, Nathan P.; Arora, Vivek K.; Matthews, Damon; Allen, Myles R. (Journal of Climate, 2013)

Global Carbon Budget 2016 - Global Carbon Project (2016)

Natural climate solutions - Griscom, B. W.; Adams, J.; Ellis, P. W.; Houghton, R. A.; Lomax, G.; Miteva, D. A.; Schlesinger, W. H.; Shoch, D.; Siikamaki, J. V.; Smith, P.; Woodbury, P.; Zganjar, C.; et al. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 2017)
Keywords: agriculture climate mitigation ecosystems forests wetlands

The Progressive Increase of Food Waste in America and Its Environmental Impact - Hall, K. D.; Guo, J.; Dore, M.; Chow, C. C. (PLOS One, 2009)
Keywords: Agriculture Body Weight Carbon Dioxide/chemistry Climate Conservation of Natural Resources Environment *Food Humans Models, Statistical Models, Theoretical Refuse Disposal/*methods United States Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Pollutants

Global Surface Temperature Change - Hansen, J.; Ruedy, R.; Sato, M.; Lo, K. (Reviews of Geophysics, 2010)

Young people's burden: Requirement of negative CO2 emissions - Hansen, James; Sato, Makiko; Kharecha, Pushker; von Schuckmann, Karina; Beerling, David J.; Cao, Junji; Marcott, Shaun; Masson-Delmotte, Valerie; Prather, Michael J.; Rohling, Eelco J.; Shakun, Jeremy; Smith, Pete; et al. (Earth System Dynamics, 2017)

Observations: Atmosphere and Surface - Hartmann, D.L.; Tank, A.M.G. Klein; Rusticucci, M.; Alexander, L.V.; Bronnimann, S.; Charabi, Y.; Dentener, F.J.; Dlugokencky, E.J.; Easterling, D.R.; Kaplan, A.; Soden, B.J.; Thorne, P.W.; et al. (Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013)

Tracking Climate Forcing: The Annual Greenhouse Gas Index - Hofmann, David J.; Butler, James H.; Conway, Thomas J.; Dlugokencky, Edward J.; Elkins, James W.; Masarie, Kenneth; Montzka, Stephen A.; Schnell, Russell C.; Tans, Pieter (Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 2006)

Future methane, hydroxyl, and their uncertainties: Key climate and emission parameters for future predictions - Holmes, C. D.; Prather, M. J.; Søvde, O. A.; Myhre, G. (Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013)

Negative emissions from stopping deforestation and forest degradation, globally - Houghton, Richard A.; Nassikas, Alexander A. (Global Change Biology, 2018)
Abstract Forest growth provides negative emissions of carbon that could help keep the earth's surface temperature from exceeding 2°C, but the global potential is uncertain. Here we use land‐use information from the FAO and a bookkeeping model to calculate the potential negative emissions that would result from allowing secondary forests to recover. We find the current gross carbon sink in forests recovering from harvests and abandoned agriculture to be −4.4 PgC/year, globally. The sink represents the potential for negative emissions if positive emissions from deforestation and wood harvest were eliminated. However, the sink is largely offset by emissions from wood products built up over the last century. Accounting for these committed emissions, we estimate that stopping deforestation and allowing secondary forests to grow would yield cumulative negative emissions between 2016 and 2100 of about 120 PgC, globally. Extending the lifetimes of wood products could potentially remove another 10 PgC from the atmosphere, for a total of approximately 130 PgC, or about 13 years of fossil fuel use at today's rate. As an upper limit, the estimate is conservative. It is based largely on past and current practices. But if greater negative emissions are to be realized, they will require an expansion of forest area, greater efficiencies in converting harvested wood to long‐lasting products and sources of energy, and novel approaches for sequestering carbon in soils. That is, they will require current management practices to change.

Uncertainty in the response of terrestrial carbon sink to environmental drivers undermines carbon-climate feedback predictions - Huntzinger, D. N.; Michalak, A. M.; Schwalm, C.; Ciais, P.; King, A. W.; Fang, Y.; Schaefer, K.; Wei, Y.; Cook, R. B.; Fisher, J. B.; Hayes, D.; Huang, M.; et al. (Science Reports, 2017)

Summary for Policymakers - IPCC (Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013)

Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials - Jacobson, Mark Z.; Delucchi, Mark A. (Energy Policy, 2011)
Keywords: Wind power Solar power Water power

Low-cost solution to the grid reliability problem with 100% penetration of intermittent wind, water, and solar for all purposes - Jacobson, M. Z.; Delucchi, M. A.; Cameron, M. A.; Frew, B. A. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 2015)
Keywords: climate change energy cost energy security grid stability renewable energy

Reduced methane growth rate explained by decreased Northern Hemisphere microbial sources - Kai, F. M.; Tyler, S. C.; Randerson, J. T.; Blake, D. R. (Nature, 2011)
Keywords: Agriculture/statistics & numerical data Animals Asia Atmosphere/*chemistry Biomass Fertilizers/utilization Fires Fossil Fuels/utilization *Geography Hydroxyl Radical/chemistry Methane/*analysis/metabolism Microbial Consortia/*physiology Oryza/metabolism Time Factors Water Supply/statistics & numerical data Wetlands

Reconstruction of the history of anthropogenic CO2 concentrations in the ocean - Khatiwala, S.; Primeau, F.; Hall, T. (Nature, 2009)

Global ocean storage of anthropogenic carbon - Khatiwala, S.; Tanhua, T.; Mikaloff Fletcher, S.; Gerber, M.; Doney, S. C.; Graven, H. D.; Gruber, N.; McKinley, G. A.; Murata, A.; Ríos, A. F.; Sabine, C. L. (Biogeosciences, 2013)

North America's Net Terrestrial CO2 Exchange With the Atmosphere 1990–2009 - King, A. W.; Andres, R. J.; Davis, K. J.; Hafer, M.; Hayes, D. J.; Huntzinger, D. N.; de Jong, B.; Kurz, W. A.; McGuire, A. D.; Vargas, R.; Wei, Y.; West, T. O.; et al. (Biogeosciences, 2015)

Three decades of global methane sources and sinks - Kirschke, Stefanie; Bousquet, Philippe; Ciais, Philippe; Saunois, Marielle; Canadell, Josep G.; Dlugokencky, Edward J.; Bergamaschi, Peter; Bergmann, Daniel; Blake, Donald R.; Bruhwiler, Lori; Cameron-Smith, Philip; Castaldi, Simona; et al. (Nature Geoscience, 2013)

A scientific critique of the two-degree climate change target - Knutti, Reto; Rogelj, Joeri; Sedláček, Jan; Fischer, Erich M. (Nature Geoscience, 2015)

Carbon in Canada’s Boreal Forest — a Synthesis - Kurz, W. A.; Shaw, C. H.; Boisvenue, C.; Stinson, G.; Metsaranta, J.; Leckie, D.; Dyk, A.; Smyth, C.; Neilson, E. T. (Environmental Reviews, 2013)

Decadal variations and trends of the global ocean carbon sink - Landschützer, Peter; Gruber, Nicolas; Bakker, Dorothee C. E. (Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2016)

Global Carbon Budget 2016 - Le Quéré, Corinne; Andrew, Robbie M.; Canadell, Josep G.; Sitch, Stephen; Korsbakken, Jan Ivar; Peters, Glen P.; Manning, Andrew C.; Boden, Thomas A.; Tans, Pieter P.; Houghton, Richard A.; Keeling, Ralph F.; Alin, Simone; et al. (Earth System Science Data, 2016)

Global Carbon Budget 2017 - Le Quéré, Corinne; Andrew, Robbie M.; Friedlingstein, Pierre; Sitch, Stephen; Pongratz, Julia; Manning, Andrew C.; Korsbakken, Jan Ivar; Peters, Glen P.; Canadell, Josep G.; Jackson, Robert B.; Boden, Thomas A.; Tans, Pieter P.; et al. (Earth System Science Data Discussions, 2017)

Global Carbon Budget 2017 - Le Quéré, C.; Andrew, R. M.; Friedlingstein, P.; Sitch, S.; Pongratz, J.; Manning, A. C.; Korsbakken, J. I.; Peters, G. P.; Canadell, J. G.; Jackson, R. B.; Boden, T. A.; Tans, P. P.; et al. (Earth System Science Data, 2018)
ESSD

Orbital and Millennial-scale Features of Atmospheric CH4 Over the Past 800,000 Years - Loulergue, L.; Schilt, A.; Spahni, R.; Masson-Delmotte, V.; Blunier, T.; Lemieux, B.; Barnola, J. M.; Raynaud, D.; Stocker, T. F.; Chappellaz, J. (Nature, 2008)
Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry Greenhouse Effect History, Ancient Ice Cover Methane/*analysis Temperature Time Factors Tropical Climate Wetlands

Partitioning uncertainty in ocean carbon uptake Projections: Internal variability, emission scenario, and model structure - Lovenduski, Nicole S.; McKinley, Galen A.; Fay, Amanda R.; Lindsay, Keith; Long, Matthew C. (Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2016)

High-resolution Carbon Dioxide Concentration Record 650,000-800,000 Years Before Present - Lüthi, D.; Le Floch, M.; Bereiter, B.; Blunier, T.; Barnola, J. M.; Siegenthaler, U.; Raynaud, D.; Jouzel, J.; Fischer, H.; Kawamura, K.; Stocker, T. F. (Nature, 2008)

Old-growth Forests As Global Carbon Sinks - Luyssaert, S.; Schulze, E. D.; Borner, A.; Knohl, A.; Hessenmoller, D.; Law, B. E.; Ciais, P.; Grace, J. (Nature, 2008)
Keywords: Animals Atmosphere/chemistry Biomass Carbon/*metabolism Carbon Dioxide/metabolism Databases, Factual Disasters *Ecosystem History, 15th Century History, 16th Century History, 17th Century History, 18th Century History, 19th Century History, 20th Century History, 21st Century History, Ancient History, Medieval Human Activities Time Factors Trees/*metabolism

Future cost-competitive electricity systems and their impact on U.S. CO2 emissions - MacDonald, Alexander E.; Clack, Christopher T. M.; Alexander, Anneliese; Dunbar, Adam; Wilczak, James; Xie, Yuanfu (Nature Climate Change, 2016)

Law Dome CO2, CH4 and N2O Ice Core Records Extended to 2000 Years BP - MacFarling Meure, C.; Etheridge, D.; Trudinger, C.; Steele, P.; Langenfelds, R.; van Ommen, T.; Smith, A.; Elkins, J. (Geophysical Research Letters, 2006)

How Uncertain Are Estimates of CO2 Emissions? - Marland, Gregg; Hamal, Khrystyna; Jonas, Matthias (Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2009)

Global Data Bases On Distribution, Characteristics and Methane Emission of Natural Wetlands: Documentation of Archived Data Tape - Matthews, Elaine (National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA TM-4153, 1989)

Committed warming inferred from observations - Mauritsen, Thorsten; Pincus, Robert (Nature Climate Change, 2017)

Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment - Melillo, J. M.; Richmond, T.; Yohe (eds.), G. W. (U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2014)

Present State of Global Wetland Extent and Wetland Methane Modelling: Conclusions From a Model Inter-comparison Project (WETCHIMP) - Melton, J. R.; Wania, R.; Hodson, E. L.; Poulter, B.; Ringeval, B.; Spahni, R.; Bohn, T.; Avis, C. A.; Beerling, D. J.; Chen, G.; Eliseev, A. V.; Denisov, S. N.; et al. (Biogeosciences, 2013)

Emission budgets and pathways consistent with limiting warming to 1.5 °C - Millar, Richard J.; Fuglestvedt, Jan S.; Friedlingstein, Pierre; Rogelj, Joeri; Grubb, Michael J.; Matthews, H. Damon; Skeie, Ragnhild B.; Forster, Piers M.; Frame, David J.; Allen, Myles R. (Nature Geoscience, 2017)

Small interannual variability of global atmospheric hydroxyl - Montzka, S. A.; Krol, M.; Dlugokencky, E.; Hall, B.; Jockel, P.; Lelieveld, J. (Science, 2011)

Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing - Myhre, G.; D. Shindell; F.‐M. Bréon; W. Collins; J. Fuglestvedt; J. Huang; D. Koch; J.‐F. Lamarque; D. Lee; B. Mendoza; T. Nakajima; A. Robock; et al. (Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013)

Preindustrial to present-day changes in tropospheric hydroxyl radical and methane lifetime from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP) - Naik, V.; Voulgarakis, A.; Fiore, A. M.; Horowitz, L. W.; Lamarque, J. F.; Lin, M.; Prather, M. J.; Young, P. J.; Bergmann, D.; Cameron-Smith, P. J.; Cionni, I.; Collins, W. J.; et al. (Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013)

Improving Characterization of Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (The National Academies Press, 2018)
Understanding, quantifying, and tracking atmospheric methane and emissions is essential for addressing concerns and informing decisions that affect the climate, economy, and human health and safety. Atmospheric methane is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) that contributes to global warming. While carbon dioxide is by far the dominant cause of the rise in global average temperatures, methane also plays a significant role because it absorbs more energy per unit mass than carbon dioxide does, giving it a disproportionately large effect on global radiative forcing. In addition to contributing to climate change, methane also affects human health as a precursor to ozone pollution in the lower atmosphere. Improving Characterization of Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States summarizes the current state of understanding of methane emissions sources and the measurement approaches and evaluates opportunities for methodological and inventory development improvements. This report will inform future research agendas of various U.S. agencies, including NOAA, the EPA, the DOE, NASA, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the National Science Foundation (NSF).
Keywords: Earth Sciences Environment and Environmental Studies

Rising Atmospheric Methane: 2007-2014 Growth and Isotopic Shift - Nisbet, E. G.; Dlugokencky, E. J.; Manning, M. R.; Lowry, D.; Fisher, R. E.; France, J. L.; Michel, S. E.; Miller, J. B.; White, J. W. C.; Vaughn, B.; Bousquet, P.; Pyle, J. A.; et al. (Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2016)

The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) - NOAA-ESRL GMD (Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Global Monitoring Division (GMD), 2017)

Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide - NOAA-ESRL-GMD Trends (Earth System Research Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Global Monitoring Division, 2017)

Trends in global CO2 emissions: 2016 Report. Report Number 2315 - Olivier, Jos G.J.; Janssens-Maenhout, Greet; Muntean, Marilena; Peters, Jeroen A.H.W. (The Hague: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency; Ispra: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, 2016)

A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World's Forests - Pan, Y.; Birdsey, R. A.; Fang, J.; Houghton, R.; Kauppi, P. E.; Kurz, W. A.; Phillips, O. L.; Shvidenko, A.; Lewis, S. L.; Canadell, J. G.; Ciais, P.; Jackson, R. B.; et al. (Science, 2011)
Keywords: Atmosphere Biomass Carbon/analysis Carbon Dioxide/analysis *Carbon Sequestration Climate Change Conservation of Natural Resources *Ecosystem *Trees Tropical Climate

Quantifying Atmospheric Methane Emissions From the Haynesville, Fayetteville, and Northeastern Marcellus Shale Gas Production Regions - Peischl, J.; Ryerson, T. B.; Aikin, K. C.; de Gouw, J. A.; Gilman, J. B.; Holloway, J. S.; Lerner, B. M.; Nadkarni, R.; Neuman, J. A.; Nowak, J. B.; Trainer, M.; Warneke, C.; et al. (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2015)

Measuring a fair and ambitious climate agreement using cumulative emissions - Peters, Glen P.; Andrew, Robbie M.; Solomon, Susan; Friedlingstein, Pierre (Environmental Research Letters, 2015)

Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica - Petit, J. R.; Jouzel, J.; Raynaud, D.; Barkov, N. I.; Barnola, J. M.; Basile, I.; Bender, M.; Chappellaz, J.; Davis, M.; Delaygue, G.; Delmotte, M.; Kotlyakov, V. M.; et al. (Nature, 1999)

A New Look At Methane and Nonmethane Hydrocarbon Emissions From Oil and Natural Gas Operations in the Colorado Denver-Julesburg Basin - Pétron, Gabrielle; Karion, Anna; Sweeney, Colm; Miller, Benjamin R.; Montzka, Stephen A.; Frost, Gregory J.; Trainer, Michael; Tans, Pieter; Andrews, Arlyn; Kofler, Jonathan; Helmig, Detlev; Guenther, Douglas; et al. (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2014)

Less than 2°C warming by 2100 unlikely - Raftery, Adrian E.; Zimmer, Alec; Frierson, Dargan M. W.; Startz, Richard; Liu, Peiran (Nature Climate Change, 2017)

Multicentury changes in ocean and land contributions to the climate‐carbon feedback - Randerson, J. T.; Lindsay, K.; Munoz, E.; Fu, W.; Moore, J. K.; Hoffman, F. M.; Mahowald, N. M.; Doney, S. C. (Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2015)
Abstract Improved constraints on carbon cycle responses to climate change are needed to inform mitigation policy, yet our understanding of how these responses may evolve after 2100 remains highly uncertain. Using the Community Earth System Model (v1.0), we quantified climate‐carbon feedbacks from 1850 to 2300 for the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 and its extension. In three simulations, land and ocean biogeochemical processes experienced the same trajectory of increasing atmospheric CO2. Each simulation had a different degree of radiative coupling for CO2 and other greenhouse gases and aerosols, enabling diagnosis of feedbacks. In a fully coupled simulation, global mean surface air temperature increased by 9.3 K from 1850 to 2300, with 4.4 K of this warming occurring after 2100. Excluding CO2, warming from other greenhouse gases and aerosols was 1.6 K by 2300, near a 2 K target needed to avoid dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Ocean contributions to the climate‐carbon feedback increased considerably over time and exceeded contributions from land after 2100. The sensitivity of ocean carbon to climate change was found to be proportional to changes in ocean heat content, as a consequence of this heat modifying transport pathways for anthropogenic CO2 inflow and solubility of dissolved inorganic carbon. By 2300, climate change reduced cumulative ocean uptake by 330 Pg C, from 1410 Pg C to 1080 Pg C. Land fluxes similarly diverged over time, with climate change reducing stocks by 232 Pg C. Regional influence of climate change on carbon stocks was largest in the North Atlantic Ocean and tropical forests of South America. Our analysis suggests that after 2100, oceans may become as important as terrestrial ecosystems in regulating the magnitude of the climate‐carbon feedback.

Atmospheric methane isotopic record favors fossil sources flat in 1980s and 1990s with recent increase - Rice, A. L.; Butenhoff, C. L.; Teama, D. G.; Roger, F. H.; Khalil, M. A.; Rasmussen, R. A. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 2016)
Keywords: Bayesian inversion atmospheric methane greenhouse gas emissions methane isotopic composition methane trends

Role of atmospheric oxidation in recent methane growth - Rigby, M.; Montzka, S. A.; Prinn, R. G.; White, J. W. C.; Young, D.; O'Doherty, S.; Lunt, M. F.; Ganesan, A. L.; Manning, A. J.; Simmonds, P. G.; Salameh, P. K.; Harth, C. M.; et al. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 2017)
Keywords: 1,1,1-trichloroethane hydroxyl inversion methane methyl chloroform

Renewed Growth of Atmospheric Methane - Rigby, M.; Prinn, R. G.; Fraser, P. J.; Simmonds, P. G.; Langenfelds, R. L.; Huang, J.; Cunnold, D. M.; Steele, L. P.; Krummel, P. B.; Weiss, R. F.; O'Doherty, S.; Salameh, P. K.; et al. (Geophysical Research Letters, 2008)

Disentangling the effects of CO2 and short-lived climate forcer mitigation - Rogelj, J.; Schaeffer, M.; Meinshausen, M.; Shindell, D. T.; Hare, W.; Klimont, Z.; Velders, G. J.; Amann, M.; Schellnhuber, H. J. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 2014)
Anthropogenic global warming is driven by emissions of a wide variety of radiative forcers ranging from very short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs), like black carbon, to very long-lived, like CO2. These species are often released from common sources and are therefore intricately linked. However, for reasons of simplification, this CO2-SLCF linkage was often disregarded in long-term projections of earlier studies. Here we explicitly account for CO2-SLCF linkages and show that the short- and long-term climate effects of many SLCF measures consistently become smaller in scenarios that keep warming to below 2 degrees C relative to preindustrial levels. Although long-term mitigation of methane and hydrofluorocarbons are integral parts of 2 degrees C scenarios, early action on these species mainly influences near-term temperatures and brings small benefits for limiting maximum warming relative to comparable reductions taking place later. Furthermore, we find that maximum 21st-century warming in 2 degrees C-consistent scenarios is largely unaffected by additional black-carbon-related measures because key emission sources are already phased-out through CO2 mitigation. Our study demonstrates the importance of coherently considering CO2-SLCF coevolutions. Failing to do so leads to strongly and consistently overestimating the effect of SLCF measures in climate stabilization scenarios. Our results reinforce that SLCF measures are to be considered complementary rather than a substitute for early and stringent CO2 mitigation. Near-term SLCF measures do not allow for more time for CO2 mitigation. We disentangle and resolve the distinct benefits across different species and therewith facilitate an integrated strategy for mitigating both short and long-term climate change.
Rogelj, Joeri Schaeffer, Michiel Meinshausen, Malte Shindell, Drew T Hare, William Klimont, Zbigniew Velders, Guus J M Amann, Markus Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim eng 2014/11/05 06:00 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Nov 18;111(46):16325-30. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1415631111. Epub 2014 Nov 3.
Keywords: air pollution black carbon carbon dioxide climate change mitigation short-lived climate forcers

The global methane budget 2000–2012 - Saunois, Marielle; Bousquet, Philippe; Poulter, Ben; Peregon, Anna; Ciais, Philippe; Canadell, Josep G.; Dlugokencky, Edward J.; Etiope, Giuseppe; Bastviken, David; Houweling, Sander; Janssens-Maenhout, Greet; Tubiello, Francesco N.; et al. (Earth System Science Data, 2016)

A 21st-century shift from fossil-fuel to biogenic methane emissions indicated by 13CH4 - Schaefer, H.; Mikaloff Fletcher, S. E.; Veidt, C.; Lassey, K. R.; Brailsford, G. W.; Bromley, T. M.; Dlugokencky, E. J.; Michel, S. E.; Miller, J. B.; Levin, I.; Lowe, D. C.; Martin, R. J.; et al. (Science, 2016)

Amount and timing of permafrost carbon release in response to climate warming - Schaefer, Kevin; Zhang, Tingjun; Bruhwiler, Lori; Barrett, Andrew P. (Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 2011)

Global soil carbon: Understanding and managing the largest terrestrial carbon pool - Scharlemann, Jörn P. W.; Tanner, Edmund V. J.; Hiederer, Roland; Kapos, Valerie (Carbon Management, 2014)

Effect of increasing CO2 on the terrestrial carbon cycle - Schimel, David; Stephens, Britton B.; Fisher, Joshua B. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 2015)
Feedbacks from terrestrial ecosystems to atmospheric CO2 concentrations contribute the second-largest uncertainty to projections of future climate. These feedbacks, acting over huge regions and long periods of time, are extraordinarily difficult to observe and quantify directly. We evaluated in situ, atmospheric, and simulation estimates of the effect of CO2 on carbon storage, subject to mass balance constraints. Multiple lines of evidence suggest significant tropical uptake for CO2, approximately balancing net deforestation and confirming a substantial negative global feedback to atmospheric CO2 and climate. This reconciles two approaches that have previously produced contradictory results. We provide a consistent explanation of the impacts of CO2 on terrestrial carbon across the 12 orders of magnitude between plant stomata and the global carbon cycle.Feedbacks from the terrestrial carbon cycle significantly affect future climate change. The CO2 concentration dependence of global terrestrial carbon storage is one of the largest and most uncertain feedbacks. Theory predicts the CO2 effect should have a tropical maximum, but a large terrestrial sink has been contradicted by analyses of atmospheric CO2 that do not show large tropical uptake. Our results, however, show significant tropical uptake and, combining tropical and extratropical fluxes, suggest that up to 60% of the present-day terrestrial sink is caused by increasing atmospheric CO2. This conclusion is consistent with a validated subset of atmospheric analyses, but uncertainty remains. Improved model diagnostics and new space-based observations can reduce the uncertainty of tropical and temperate zone carbon flux estimates. This analysis supports a significant feedback to future atmospheric CO2 concentrations from carbon uptake in terrestrial ecosystems caused by rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This feedback will have substantial tropical contributions, but the magnitude of future carbon uptake by tropical forests also depends on how they respond to climate change and requires their protection from deforestation.

Climate Change and the Permafrost Carbon Feedback - Schuur, E. A.; McGuire, A. D.; Schadel, C.; Grosse, G.; Harden, J. W.; Hayes, D. J.; Hugelius, G.; Koven, C. D.; Kuhry, P.; Lawrence, D. M.; Natali, S. M.; Olefeldt, D.; et al. (Nature, 2015)
Keywords: Arctic Regions *Carbon Cycle Carbon Dioxide/analysis *Climate Change Feedback Freezing Methane/analysis Permafrost/*chemistry Seawater/chemistry Uncertainty

Upward Revision of Global Fossil Fuel Methane Emissions Based On Isotope Database - Schwietzke, S.; Sherwood, O. A.; Bruhwiler, L. M.; Miller, J. B.; Etiope, G.; Dlugokencky, E. J.; Michel, S. E.; Arling, V. A.; Vaughn, B. H.; White, J. W.; Tans, P. P. (Nature, 2016)
Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry Carbon Isotopes/analysis Coal *Databases, Factual *Fossil Fuels Methane/*analysis Monte Carlo Method Natural Gas Petroleum

Simultaneously Mitigating Near-Term Climate Change and Improving Human Health and Food Security - Shindell, Drew; Kuylenstierna, Johan C. I.; Vignati, Elisabetta; van Dingenen, Rita; Amann, Markus; Klimont, Zbigniew; Anenberg, Susan C.; Muller, Nicholas; Janssens-Maenhout, Greet; Raes, Frank; Schwartz, Joel; Faluvegi, Greg; et al. (Science, 2012)
Tropospheric ozone and black carbon (BC) contribute to both degraded air quality and global warming. We considered ~400 emission control measures to reduce these pollutants by using current technology and experience. We identified 14 measures targeting methane and BC emissions that reduce projected global mean warming ~0.5°C by 2050. This strategy avoids 0.7 to 4.7 million annual premature deaths from outdoor air pollution and increases annual crop yields by 30 to 135 million metric tons due to ozone reductions in 2030 and beyond. Benefits of methane emissions reductions are valued at $700 to $5000 per metric ton, which is well above typical marginal abatement costs (less than $250). The selected controls target different sources and influence climate on shorter time scales than those of carbon dioxide–reduction measures. Implementing both substantially reduces the risks of crossing the 2°C threshold.

Long-term decline of global atmospheric ethane concentrations and implications for methane - Simpson, I. J.; Sulbaek Andersen, M. P.; Meinardi, S.; Bruhwiler, L.; Blake, N. J.; Helmig, D.; Rowland, F. S.; Blake, D. R. (Nature, 2012)
Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry Biofuels/utilization Biomass Ethane/*analysis/*chemistry/history Greenhouse Effect History, 20th Century History, 21st Century Methane/*analysis/*chemistry/history Natural Gas/utilization Oil and Gas Fields Ozone/chemistry Wetlands

Biophysical and Economic Limits to Negative CO2 Emissions - Smith, Pete; Davis, Steven J.; Creutzig, Felix; Fuss, Sabine; Minx, Jan; Gabrielle, Benoit; Kato, Etsushi; Jackson, Robert B.; Cowie, Annette; Kriegler, Elmar; van Vuuren, Detlef P.; Rogelj, Joeri; et al. (Nature Climate Change, 2015)

Irreversible Climate Change Due to Carbon Dioxide Emissions - Solomon, S.; Plattner, G. K.; Knutti, R.; Friedlingstein, P. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 2009)
Keywords: *Air Pollution *Carbon Dioxide *Climate Environment Forecasting Greenhouse Effect Oceans and Seas

An Accounting of the Observed Increase in Oceanic and Atmospheric CO2 and the Outlook For the Future - Tans, Pieter (Oceanography, 2009)

The Terrestrial Biosphere as a Net Source of Greenhouse Gases to the Atmosphere - Tian, H. Q.; Lu, C. Q.; Ciais, P.; Michalak, A. M.; Canadell, J. G.; Saikawa, E.; Huntzinger, D. N.; Gurney, K. R.; Sitch, S.; Zhang, B. W.; Yang, J.; Bousquet, P.; et al. (Nature, 2016)
Keywords: carbon-nitrogen interactions land-use environmental-changes climate extremes oxide emissions methane budget CO2 model ecosystems

Ambiguity in the causes for decadal trends in atmospheric methane and hydroxyl - Turner, A. J.; Frankenberg, C.; Wennberg, P. O.; Jacob, D. J. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 2017)
Keywords: hydroxyl methane oxidative capacity renewed growth troposphere

Time Series - Annex I - UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Secretariat, 2013)

Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I - USGCRP (U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2017)

Global Ocean Carbon Uptake: Magnitude, Variability and Trends - Wanninkhof, R.; Park, G. H.; Takahashi, T.; Sweeney, C.; Feely, R.; Nojiri, Y.; Gruber, N.; Doney, S. C.; McKinley, G. A.; Lenton, A.; Le Quéré, C.; Heinze, C.; et al. (Biogeosciences, 2013)

Reduced biomass burning emissions reconcile conflicting estimates of the post-2006 atmospheric methane budget - Worden, J. R.; Bloom, A. A.; Pandey, S.; Jiang, Z.; Worden, H. M.; Walker, T. W.; Houweling, S.; Rockmann, T. (Nature Communications, 2017)
Several viable but conflicting explanations have been proposed to explain the recent ~8 p.p.b. per year increase in atmospheric methane after 2006, equivalent to net emissions increase of ~25 Tg CH4 per year. A concurrent increase in atmospheric ethane implicates a fossil source; a concurrent decrease in the heavy isotope content of methane points toward a biogenic source, while other studies propose a decrease in the chemical sink (OH). Here we show that biomass burning emissions of methane decreased by 3.7 (+/-1.4) Tg CH4 per year from the 2001-2007 to the 2008-2014 time periods using satellite measurements of CO and CH4, nearly twice the decrease expected from prior estimates. After updating both the total and isotopic budgets for atmospheric methane with these revised biomass burning emissions (and assuming no change to the chemical sink), we find that fossil fuels contribute between 12-19 Tg CH4 per year to the recent atmospheric methane increase, thus reconciling the isotopic- and ethane-based results.
Worden, John R Bloom, A Anthony Pandey, Sudhanshu Jiang, Zhe Worden, Helen M Walker, Thomas W Houweling, Sander Rockmann, Thomas eng England 2017/12/22 06:00 Nat Commun. 2017 Dec 20;8(1):2227. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-02246-0.

CAIT Climate Data Explorer - World Resources Institute (World Resources Institute, 2017)

6 Graphs Explain the World’s Top 10 Emitters - World Resources Institute; Ge, Mengpin; Friedrich, Johannes; Damassa, Thomas (2014)

Pliocene Warmth, Polar Amplification, and Stepped Pleistocene Cooling Recorded in NE Arctic Russia - Brigham-Grette, Julie; Melles, Martin; Minyuk, Pavel; Andreev, Andrei; Tarasov, Pavel; DeConto, Robert; Koenig, Sebastian; Nowaczyk, Norbert; Wennrich, Volker; Rosén, Peter; Haltia, Eeva; Cook, Tim; et al. (Science, 2013)
Climate and the atmospheric concentration of CO2 are closely linked. Brigham-Grette et al. (p. 1421, published online 9 May) present data from Lake El'gygytgyn, in northeast Arctic Russia, that shows how climate varied between 3.6 and 2.2 million years ago, an important interval in the global cooling trend that accelerated rapidly at the end of the Miocene. Summer temperatures were about 10°C warmer than today, even though the concentration of atmospheric CO2 was similar. Understanding the evolution of Arctic polar climate from the protracted warmth of the middle Pliocene into the earliest glacial cycles in the Northern Hemisphere has been hindered by the lack of continuous, highly resolved Arctic time series. Evidence from Lake El’gygytgyn, in northeast (NE) Arctic Russia, shows that 3.6 to 3.4 million years ago, summer temperatures were ~8°C warmer than today, when the partial pressure of CO2 was ~400 parts per million. Multiproxy evidence suggests extreme warmth and polar amplification during the middle Pliocene, sudden stepped cooling events during the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition, and warmer than present Arctic summers until ~2.2 million years ago, after the onset of Northern Hemispheric glaciation. Our data are consistent with sea-level records and other proxies indicating that Arctic cooling was insufficient to support large-scale ice sheets until the early Pleistocene.

Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide - NOAA-ESRL-GMD Trends (Earth System Research Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Global Monitoring Division, 2018)

Global Energy & CO2 Status Report - IEA (International Energy Agency, 2017)

Global Energy & CO2 Status Report - IEA (International Energy Agency, 2018)

Trends in Atmospheric Methane - Dlugokencky, E. (Earth System Research Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Global Monitoring Division, 2018)

Observational constraints on recent increases in the atmospheric CH4 burden - Dlugokencky, E. J.; Bruhwiler, L.; White, J. W. C.; Emmons, L. K.; Novelli, P. C.; Montzka, S. A.; Masarie, K. A.; Lang, P. M.; Crotwell, A. M.; Miller, J. B.; Gatti, L. V. (Geophysical Research Letters, 2009)

Biomass offsets little or none of permafrost carbon release from soils, streams, and wildfire: an expert assessment - Abbott, Benjamin W.; Jones, Jeremy B. J; Schuur, Edward A. G.; Chapin, F. Stuart III; Bowden, William B.; Bret-Harte, M. Syndonia; Epstein, Howard E.; Flannigan, Michael D.; Harms, Tamara K.; Hollingsworth, Teresa N.; Mack, Michelle C.; McGuire, A. David; et al. (Environmental Research Letters, 2016)

Empirical and Process-based Approaches To Climate-induced Forest Mortality Models - Adams, H. D.; Williams, A. P.; Xu, C.; Rauscher, S. A.; Jiang, X.; McDowell, N. G. (Frontiers in Plant Science, 2013)
Keywords: biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) earth system model (ESM) forest mortality global change tree mortality mechanism vegetation change

Carbon cycle. The dominant role of semi-arid ecosystems in the trend and variability of the land CO2 sink - Ahlstrom, A.; Raupach, M. R.; Schurgers, G.; Smith, B.; Arneth, A.; Jung, M.; Reichstein, M.; Canadell, J. G.; Friedlingstein, P.; Jain, A. K.; Kato, E.; Poulter, B.; et al. (Science, 2015)
Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry *Carbon Cycle Carbon Dioxide/*analysis *Forests *Grassland

Consequences of Widespread Tree Mortality Triggered By Drought and Temperature Stress - Anderegg, William R. L.; Kane, Jeffrey M.; Anderegg, Leander D. L. (Nature Climate Change, 2013)

The Boundless Carbon Cycle - Battin, Tom J.; Luyssaert, Sebastiaan; Kaplan, Louis A.; Aufdenkampe, Anthony K.; Richter, Andreas; Tranvik, Lars J. (Nature Geoscience, 2009)

The changing carbon cycle of the coastal ocean - Bauer, James E.; Cai, Wei-Jun; Raymond, Peter A.; Bianchi, Thomas S.; Hopkinson, Charles S.; Regnier, Pierre A. G. (Nature, 2013)

Satellite observations of high northern latitude vegetation productivity changes between 1982 and 2008: ecological variability and regional differences - Beck, P. S. A.; Goetz, S. J. (Environmental Research Letters, 2011)

Terrestrial Carbon Balance in a Drier World: the Effects of Water Availability in Southwestern North America - Biederman, J. A.; Scott, R. L.; Goulden, M. L.; Vargas, R.; Litvak, M. E.; Kolb, T. E.; Yepez, E. A.; Oechel, W. C.; Blanken, P. D.; Bell, T. W.; Garatuza-Payan, J.; Maurer, G. E.; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2016)
Keywords: carbon dioxide climate ecosystem evapotranspiration net ecosystem exchange net ecosystem production photosynthesis productivity respiration semiarid water

Carbon changes in U.S. forests - Birdsey, R. A.; Heath, L. S. (Productivity of America's Forests and Climate Change. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-271, 1995)

A global wetland methane emissions and uncertainty dataset for atmospheric chemical transport models (WetCHARTs version 1.0) - Bloom, A. Anthony; Bowman, Kevin W.; Lee, Meemong; Turner, Alexander J.; Schroeder, Ronny; Worden, John R.; Weidner, Richard; McDonald, Kyle C.; Jacob, Daniel J. (Geoscientific Model Development, 2017)

Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions - Boden, T. A.; Marland, G.; Andres, R.J. (Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, 2015)

Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions Technical Report - Boden, T.A.; Marland, G.; Andres, R.J. (Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, U. S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2017)

Coastal-ocean Uptake of Anthropogenic Carbon - Bourgeois, Timothée; Orr, James C.; Resplandy, Laure; Terhaar, Jens; Ethé, Christian; Gehlen, Marion; Bopp, Laurent (Biogeosciences, 2016)

Methane Leaks From North American Natural Gas Systems - Brandt, A. R.; Heath, G. A.; Kort, E. A.; O'Sullivan, F.; Petron, G.; Jordaan, S. M.; Tans, P.; Wilcox, J.; Gopstein, A. M.; Arent, D.; Wofsy, S.; Brown, N. J.; et al. (Science, 2014)
Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry Decision Making *Global Warming Methane/*analysis Natural Gas/*analysis *Policy Making United States

U.S. CH4 emissions from oil and gas production: Have recent large increases been detected? - Bruhwiler, L. M.; Basu, S.; Bergamaschi, P.; Bousquet, P.; Dlugokencky, E.; Houweling, S.; Ishizawa, M.; Kim, H.-S.; Locatelli, R.; Maksyutov, S.; Montzka, S.; Pandey, S.; et al. (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2017)
Abstract Recent studies have proposed significant increases in CH4 emissions possibly from oil and gas (O&G) production, especially for the U.S. where O&G production has reached historically high levels over the past decade. In this study, we show that an ensemble of time‐dependent atmospheric inversions constrained by calibrated atmospheric observations of surface CH4 mole fraction, with some including space‐based retrievals of column average CH4 mole fractions, suggests that North American CH4 emissions have been flat over years spanning 2000 through 2012. Estimates of emission trends using zonal gradients of column average CH4 calculated relative to an upstream background are not easy to make due to atmospheric variability, relative insensitivity of column average CH4 to surface emissions at regional scales, and fast zonal synoptic transport. In addition, any trends in continental enhancements of column average CH4 are sensitive to how the upstream background is chosen, and model simulations imply that short‐term (4 years or less) trends in column average CH4 horizontal gradients of up to 1.5 ppb/yr can occur just from interannual transport variability acting on a strong latitudinal CH4 gradient. Finally, trends in spatial gradients calculated from space‐based column average CH4 can be significantly biased (>2–3 ppb/yr) due to the nonuniform and seasonally varying temporal coverage of satellite retrievals.

Estuarine and Coastal Ocean Carbon Paradox: CO2 Sinks Or Sites of Terrestrial Carbon Incineration? - Cai, W. J. (Annual Review of Marine Science, 2011)
Keywords: Carbon/*chemistry Carbon Cycle Carbon Dioxide/*chemistry/metabolism Oceans and Seas Seawater/*chemistry Wetlands

Contributions of Land-Use History to Carbon Accumulation in U.S. Forests - Caspersen, John P.; Pacala, Stephen W.; Jenkins, Jennifer C.; Hurtt, George C.; Moorcroft, Paul R.; Birdsey, Richard A. (Science, 2000)
Carbon accumulation in forests has been attributed to historical changes in land use and the enhancement of tree growth by CO2 fertilization, N deposition, and climate change. The relative contribution of land use and growth enhancement is estimated by using inventory data from five states spanning a latitudinal gradient in the eastern United States. Land use is the dominant factor governing the rate of carbon accumulation in these states, with growth enhancement contributing far less than previously reported. The estimated fraction of aboveground net ecosystem production due to growth enhancement is 2.0 ± 4.4%, with the remainder due to land use.

The First State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR): The North American Carbon Budget and Implications For the Global Carbon Cycle. A Report By the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee On Global Change Research - CCSP (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, USA, 242 pp., 2007)

Air-sea Exchanges of CO2 in the World's Coastal Seas - Chen, C-T. A.; Huang, T. H.; Chen, Y. C.; Bai, Y.; He, X.; Kang, Y. (Biogeosciences, 2013)
Keywords: dissolved inorganic carbon net ecosystem metabolism east china sea continental-shelf pump submarine groundwater discharge changjiang yangtze-river southeastern bering sea marsh-dominated estuary gas transfer velocities south atlantic bight

Contributions of wildland fire to terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics in North America from 1990 to 2012 - Chen, Guangsheng; Hayes, Daniel J.; McGuire, A. David (Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2017)
Keywords: fire disturbance direct carbon emission net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) vegetation regrowth legacy effect 0414 Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling 0428 Carbon cycling 0490 Trace gases 1615 Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling 1630 Impacts of global change

Methane Emissions From the 2015 Aliso Canyon Blowout in Los Angeles, CA - Conley, S.; Franco, G.; Faloona, I.; Blake, D. R.; Peischl, J.; Ryerson, T. B. (Science, 2016)

The Carbon Cycle and Hurricanes in the United States Between 1900 and 2011 - Dahal, D.; Liu, S.; Oeding, J. (Scientific Reports, 2014)
Keywords: *Biomass Carbon/analysis *Carbon Cycle *Cyclonic Storms Ecosystem Environmental Monitoring/methods Time Factors *Trees United States

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Between 1993 and 2002 From Land-use Change and Forestry in Mexico - de Jong, Ben; Anaya, Carlos; Masera, Omar; Olguín, Marcela; Paz, Fernando; Etchevers, Jorge; Martínez, René D.; Guerrero, Gabriela; Balbontín, Claudio (Forest Ecology and Management, 2010)

Landscape-level Terrestrial Methane Flux Observed From a Very Tall Tower - Desai, Ankur R.; Xu, Ke; Tian, Hanqin; Weishampel, Peter; Thom, Jonathan; Baumann, Dan; Andrews, Arlyn E.; Cook, Bruce D.; King, Jennifer Y.; Kolka, Randall (Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2015)

Observational Constraints On Recent Increases in the Atmospheric CH4 Burden - Dlugokencky, E. J.; Bruhwiler, L.; White, J. W. C.; Emmons, L. K.; Novelli, P. C.; Montzka, S. A.; Masarie, K. A.; Lang, P. M.; Crotwell, A. M.; Miller, J. B.; Gatti, L. V. (Geophysical Research Letters, 2009)
Keywords: methane climate 0365 Troposphere: composition and chemistry 0426 Biosphere/atmosphere interactions 0428 Carbon cycling

Global Atmospheric Methane: Budget, Changes and Dangers - Dlugokencky, E. J.; Nisbet, E. G.; Fisher, R.; Lowry, D. (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 2011)

National Inventory Report 1990-2009: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. The Government of Canada's Submission to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change - Environment Canada (Environment Canada, 2011)

Dynamics of aboveground phytomass of the circumpolar Arctic tundra during the past three decades - Epstein, H. E.; Raynolds, M. K.; Walker, D. A.; Bhatt, U. S.; Tucker, C. J.; Pinzon, J. E. (Environmental Research Letters, 2012)